Essential Question:

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• Essential Question
• What were the significant motivations for
  results of Americas new foreign policy from
  1890 to 1914?

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Reasons for U.S. Expansion

• Prior to 1890, U.S. expansion was focused on
  settling the western frontier via Manifest
  Destiny
• Expansion by 1890s was different
• New forms of communication led to a sense of
  internationalism
• Looked to gain more naval bases markets in
  major trade routes
• New territories were viewed as colonies, not as
  future-states

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Reasons for U.S. Expansion

• Why the new focus? New markets
• End of the frontier led to fears about economic
  opportunities
• American industrialism made the U.S. a major
  exporter
• Businessmen feared nothing would be left when
  European imperialists finished annexing

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World Colonial Empires, 1900
U.S. Foreign Investments 1869-1908
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Reasons for U.S. Expansion

• Why the new focus? Darwinism
• Social Darwinism promoted white superiority
• White Mans Burden promoted the duty to
  civilize the world through trade, democracy,
  Christianity
• By the 1890s, the U.S. was ready for its first
  real foreign policy

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American Social Darwinism
Civilization
Vice
Ignorance
Barbarism
Superstition
Oppression
Which nations is England hauling up the hill?
What about the U.S.?
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The US as a World Power
The U.S. promoted trade with but avoided
diplomatic conflicts with Europe
The U.S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin
America but viewed the Caribbean as an American
Lake Latin America as a vast potential market
for U.S. goods
The U.S. coveted Hawaii control of the sea
lanes to China
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The U.S. as a World Power Alaska
In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska
from Russia for 7.2 million
Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln
Johnson) hoped to annex Canada Mexico for the
USA
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Sewards Icebox King Andy Seward lug in a big
block of Russian ice to cool down Congress
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The U.S. as a World Power Latin America
Sec of State William Blaine (under Garfield
Harrison) emphasized a Good Neighbor Policy
created bilateral treaties to secure U.S. trade
U.S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods,
bought raw materials, undercut local Latin
American businesses
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The U.S. as a World Power Hawaii
U.S. missionaries prospectors 1st arrived in
Hawaii in the 1820s By the 1870s, Hawaii was
dominated by sugar fruit plantation owners who
called for U.S. annexation
In 1891, U.S. planters led an overthrow of Queen
Liliuokalani Hawaii became a republic in 1894
under Sanford Dole
The Hawaiian pear is now fully ripe,
and this is the golden hour for the
United States to pluck it. John Foster, Sec of
State under Harrison
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Hawaii was annexed in 1898 under President
McKinley
Do you see any short- long-term significance to
annexing Hawaii?
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The U.S. as a World Power China
The U.S. Open Door Policy in 1900 suggested that
no nation would have an exclusive sphere of
influence in China
The U.S. was eager to trade with China but China
was divided into European spheres of influence
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Open Door Policy
Peace Treaty with China
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The U.S. as a World Power Japan
But U.S.-Japanese relations were rocky in the
early 20th Century
The U.S. navy led by Commodore Matthew Perry
opened Japan to U.S. trade in 1854 ended 200
years of Japanese isolationism
Japan gained power in Asia after the
Russo-Japanese War in 1904 gained control of
Korea
The U.S. Japan signed a Gentlemens Agreement
in 1907 U.S. rescinded segregation against
Japanese living in CA Japan limited emigration
to the U.S.
The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to
protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open Door
policy, respect Chinese independence
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The New Navy
The U.S. most influential naval strategist
(under President Cleveland)

• In order to adequately prepare for the new U.S.
  role in foreign policy, Alfred Mahan pushed for a
  new navy in the 1880s
• The initial focus was to create lightly-armored,
  fast ships
• But by the 1890s, the navy built new offensive
  battleships
• The navy improved from 12th the world in 1889 to
  3rd in 1900

1st big, heavy-armor ships
1st submarines
1st smokeless-powder artillery
1st rapid-fire guns
1st torpedoes
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The Spanish-American War
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Causes of the Spanish-American War

• U.S. presidents from Jefferson to McKinley saw
  the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba
• The Spanish- American War to
  assist Cubas
  independence was the
  most popular war since
  the American
  Revolution

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Causes of the Spanish-American War

• By the 1860s, the only remaining pieces of the
  Spanish Empire were Cuba, Puerto Rico,
  Philippines
• José Martí led Cubans in revolt
  against Spain in 1895
• Spanish General Weyler used a reconcentration
  policy (torture destruction of the Cuban food
  supply) to try to end the Cuban independence
  movement

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American Involvement

• Presidents Cleveland McKinley both remained
  neutral regarding Cuban independence until
• Newspapers used sensationalist yellow
  journalism which boosted U.S. sympathy for Cuba
• In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to protect U.S.
  interests in Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor

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Pulitzers The World Hearsts New York Journal
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The Spanish-American War

• In April 1898, Congress declared war on Spain,
  but added the Teller Amendment to the war
  declaration stated that the U.S. had no plans to
  annex Cuba
• The war led to patriotic outburst
• Ex-Confederates served symbolically united
  North South
• Women African-Americans volunteered in mass
  numbers

Populists, Democrats, Republicans are we. But
we are all Americans to make Cuba free.
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Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters
Cuba the Philippines
Even the elite joined Teddy Roosevelt led the
Rough Riders in Cuba
What a splendid little war. John Hay,
Secretary of State under President McKinley
The war lasted only 113 days resulted in 5,500
deaths (mostly from disease, only 379 died in
battle)
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Results of Spanish-American War

• U.S. Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on Dec
  10, 1898
• Cuba gained independence
• U.S. gained Puerto Rico Guam
• What to do with the Philippines? The U.S. did not
  want it, but Germany did, so the U.S. annexed the
  Philippines

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War in the Philippines
The U.S. did not deem Filipinos ready for
self-rule

• Filipinos welcomed war with Spain aided the
  U.S. in the Pacific, but they grew angry when the
  U.S. refused to grant independence
• Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerilla-style rebellion
  that lasted 3 years
• Cost 4,300 U.S. lives between 50,000 200,000
  native lives
• The U.S. resorted to Weyler-style brutality
  torture, starvation, rape

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War in the Philippines

• McKinley appointed William Taft to the Philippine
  Commission
• Built schools, roads, bridges
• Improved taxes sanitation
• Created local governments that honored Filipino
  culture
• Aguinaldo was captured urged an end to the
  fighting
• Philippines gained independence on July 4, 1946

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The American Empire in 1900
The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban
constitution but forced Cuba to give up land for
U.S. naval bases, pay off U.S. war debts, Cuba
could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the
U.S., the U.S. could intervene in Cuba at any
time
How should the new lands in the new empire be
governed? Citizenship? Voting?
Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico were made
territories with appointed governors granted
U.S. citizenship
The navy controlled Guam Samoa
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Our Sphere of Influence
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What the US has fought for
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ConclusionsThe USA as a New World Power
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Impact of Spanish-American War

• Just as the Depression of 1893 led to a shift in
  domestic policy, the Spanish-American War led to
  shift in U.S. foreign policy
• The U.S. gained overseas territories was
  recognized as a legitimate world power
• Increased the power of the American president