The Early Chesapeake

1
The Early Chesapeake

• 1606 Charter to the London Company from James I
  gave colonizing rights to the southern lands
• 144 men on the Godspeed, the Discovery, and the
  Susan Constant sailed for the New World, 104
  survived the crossing arriving in spring of 1607

2
The Early Chesapeake

• Jamestown was an inland setting, on a peninsula,
  low and swampy, hot and humid in the summer,
  prone to outbreaks of malaria, surrounded by
  thick woods that were difficult to clear, and
  located in the territory controlled by Powhatan

3
The Early Chesapeake

• Colonists spent time searching for gold, tried to
  pile up lumber, tar, pitch, and iron for export,
  spent little time growing food
• No women were sent, could not establish
  households, order domestic lives, have a sense of
  permanent stake in the community

4
The Early Chesapeake

• By January 1608, 38 colonists left alive and
  Captain John Smith assumed a leadership role
• New charter from the King in 1609, increased
  power over colony and enlarged the land it
  controlled

5
The Early Chesapeake

• Adventurers bought stock in the Virginia
  Company but remained in England
• Planters given stock in the Virginia Company in
  exchange for paying their own way to the New
  World

6
The Early Chesapeake

• Free passage given to poorer individuals who
  would serve the company for 7 years
• Spring of 1609 a fleet of 600 colonists set sail
  for the New World and arrived in the fall of 1609
  after a difficult passage

7
The Early Chesapeake

• Winter of 1609 1610 (The Starving Time),
  Indians killed all the livestock in the woods,
  kept the colonists barricaded in Jamestown,
  colonists ate dogs, cats, rats, snakes,
  toadstools, horsehides and corpses of dead men
  60 people lived through the winter

8
The Early Chesapeake

• Lord De La Warr Virginias first governor imposed
  harsh and rigid discipline, settlers formed into
  work gangs, violators were flogged, hanged or
  broken on the wheel, offered private land
  ownership and allowed cultivation of the land,
  colony began to spread

9
The Early Chesapeake

• John Rolfe successfully grew high quality tobacco
  in Virginia starting in 1612 and found ready
  buyers back in England.
• Tobacco Economy profitable, uncertain, land and
  labor intensive.
• Tobacco exhausted the land after a few years of
  growing, settlers began to encroach on territory
  belonging to the natives

10
The Early Chesapeake

• Virginia Company still had not turned a profit by
  1616, so it introduced the Headright System in
  1618
• Colonists already in Virginia received 100 acres
  of land each, each new settler received 50 acres
  (encouraged families to migrate together), if you
  paid for a settler to migrate to Virginia you
  also got 50 acres

11
The Early Chesapeake

• Transported ironworkers and other skilled
  craftsmen to Virginia
• 100 women were transported to Virginia in 1619
  and could be purchased for 120 pounds of tobacco

12
The Early Chesapeake

• Colonists were promised the full rights of
  Englishmen, and given some self-government (House
  of Burgesses meets on July 30, 1619)
• About the latter end of August 1619 a Dutch
  ship brought in 20 and odd Negroes but their
  status as slaves is uncertain, planters preferred
  European indentured servants until the 1670s

13
The Early Chesapeake

• In March 1622, the natives attacked Jamestown
  resulting in the deaths of 347 settlers
  (including John Rolfe)

14
The Early Chesapeake

• The Virginia Company goes bankrupt and in 1624
  King James I revokes the companys charter and
  Virginia becomes a Royal Colony

15
The Early Chesapeake

• In 1632 the second Lord Baltimore (Cecilius
  Calvert) received a charter from the King of a
  grant of land that encompassed parts of
  Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, and all of
  Maryland and made them true and absolute lords
  and proprietaries who had to acknowledge the
  ultimate sovereignty of the King by paying an
  annual fee to the crown

16
The Early Chesapeake

• In March 1634 the Ark and the Dove bearing 200 to
  300 settlers arrived in Maryland and founded the
  village of St. Marys hoping to establish a haven
  for Catholics in the New World
• Early Marylanders experienced no Indian assaults,
  no plagues, no starving time as the Indians were
  more worried about rival tribes

17
The Early Chesapeake

• The Calverts needed Protestant settlers as well
  as Catholic settlers in order to make their
  colony profitable so they adopted a policy of
  religious toleration
• In 1648 Calvert appointed a Protestant governor
  and then in 1649 he passed an Act Concerning
  Religion which granted freedom of worship to all
  Christians, in 1655 a civil war broke out in
  Maryland between Protestants and Catholics

18
The Early Chesapeake

• Lord Baltimore gave large grants of land to
  family members and other English aristocrats so
  that a large landed aristocracy prevailed in MD
• By 1640 a labor shortage existed in Maryland, so
  Lord Baltimore adopted a headright system
  similar to that in Virginia, and the economy
  revolved around the cultivation of tobacco

19
The Early Chesapeake

• By the mid 1600s Virginia was expanding westward
  into lands held by the natives, there became
  increasing numbers of conflicts
• Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia (1642
  1670s), sent explorers across the Blue Ridge
  Mountains to open up the western interior of
  Virginia

20
The Early Chesapeake

• In 1644 the Powhatan Confederacy made one last
  uprising against the English but were defeated
  and ceded a large area of land to the British,
  but Berkeley agreed to prohibit white settlement
  west of a line he negotiated with the tribes

21
The Early Chesapeake

• There was period of massive population growth in
  Virginia from 8,000 settlers in 1640 to 40,000
  settlers in 1660, this led to increased
  settlement in western Virginia and continued
  conflict with the natives, by 1652 settlers had
  established 3 counties in western lands promised
  to the natives

22
The Early Chesapeake

• In the House of Burgesses in 1619 all men 17 and
  older could vote, but by 1670 the vote was
  restricted to landowners and elections were rare,
  each county got 2 representatives in the House of
  Burgesses and the western counties of Virginia
  had many more people than the older counties in
  the tidewater, the recent settlers living in the
  backcountry were underrepresented in the House
  of Burgesses

23
The Early Chesapeake

• In 1673 Nathaniel Bacon arrived in Virginia,
  purchased a substantial farm in the west and won
  a seat on the governors council
• Conflicts between western settlers and eastern
  aristocrats arose over the issue of natives and
  political representation, and a personal conflict
  arose between Berkeley and Bacon over the fur
  trade with the natives

24
The Early Chesapeake

• In 1675 a conflict erupted on the frontier
  between English settlers and natives, with many
  on both sides being killed, Bacon (frustrated
  with the lack of response from Berkeley) led a
  group of western settlers in an unauthorized
  assault against the natives, Berkeley dismissed
  Bacon from the governors council and declared
  him and his men rebels

25
The Early Chesapeake

• Twice Bacon led his men east in raids against
  Jamestown, and on the second assault they burned
  Jamestown and drove the governor into exile, then
  Bacon suddenly dies of dysentery and the
  rebellion is over, but the rebellion is
  significant for several reasons
• Part of a continuing struggle to define the
  boundary between native and white lands

26
The Early Chesapeake

• Showed the bitterness between eastern and western
  landowners and the competition for control of the
  government
• Revealed the potential for instability among a
  large population of freemen who were
  propertyless, unemployed, and had no real
  prospects, this leads to a common interest among
  landowners to preventing social unrest from below
  (possibly leading to an increase in slavery)

27
The Growth of the Chesapeake
28
The Growth of New England

• Puritan Separatists were imprisoned and executed
  for defying the government and the Church of
  England, it was also illegal to leave England
  without the consent of the King

29
The Growth of New England

• In 1608 the Scrooby Separatists began to emigrate
  quietly to Leyden, Holland where they could
  worship freely, but were stuck in menial jobs,
  were barred from craft guilds, and didnt like
  the tolerant Dutch society which attracted their
  children away from the Puritan lifestyle

30
The Growth of New England

• Leaders of the Scrooby group obtained permission
  from the Virginia Company to settle in Virginia
  (Hudson River area) and assurances from the King
  that he would not molest them, provided they
  carried themselves peaceably

31
The Growth of New England

• In September 1620 they left Plymouth on the
  Mayflower, with 35 saints(full members of the
  Puritan church) and 67 strangers (people who
  were not full members of the Puritan church) and
  arrived off the coast of Cape Cod (outside of the
  Virginia Companys territory) in November
• On board the Mayflower the saints signed the
  Mayflower Compact which established a civil
  government and pledged their allegiance to the
  King, and then stepped ashore at Plymouth Rock on
  December 21, 1620

32
The Growth of New England

• The Puritans suffered casualties (50 - primarily
  from malnutrition, exposure, and disease) that
  first winter, the natives in New England were
  greatly weakened by smallpox epidemics and the
  Puritans were not hostile towards the natives, in
  fact the Puritans received a tremendous amount of
  help from the natives (Squanto and Samoset)

33
The Growth of New England

• Miles Standish imposed discipline on the colony
  (Plymouth Plantation), eventually allowing them
  to establish a trading surplus in agricultural
  products and furs, the population reached 300
  within a decade, William Bradford was elected
  governor every year, eventually they paid off
  their debt and became self-sufficient but poor

34
The Growth of New England

• In 1620s Puritan merchants obtained a grant of
  land in New England comprising most of
  Massachusetts and New Hampshire, then they
  received a charter from the King allowing them to
  form the Massachusetts Bay Company, in 1629 the
  Puritans bought out the other investors in the
  company so that they could create a haven for
  Puritans in the New World

35
The Growth of New England

• John Winthrop commanded the expedition that
  sailed in 1630 comprising 17 ships and 1000
  settlers, mostly in family groups, and carried
  with them the charter of the Massachusetts Bay
  Company so that they were not responsible to
  anyone in England

36
The Growth of New England

• The Massachusetts settlement quickly produced
  several towns (Boston, Charlestown, Cambridge,
  Roxbury, Dorchester, Ipswich, Sudbury, Concord,
  Watertown, and others) and were governed by a
  colonial government run by 8 stockholders or
  freemen but the later definition of freemen
  evolved into all male citizens

37
The Growth of New England

• In every town the community church had complete
  liberty to stand alone, each congregation chose
  its own minister and regulated its own affairs,
  this became known as the Congregational Church

38
The Growth of New England

• Massachusetts Puritans, led by John Winthrop,
  were serious and pious people, strived to lead
  useful, conscientious lives of thrift and hard
  work, material success was viewed as a sign of
  Gods favor, they believed they founding a holy
  commonwealth, a city upon a hill

39
The Growth of New England

• Massachusetts Puritans founded a theocratic
  society in which ministers exerted great
  influence on church members who could vote or
  hold office, the government then protected
  ministers, taxed the people to support the
  church, and enforced the law requiring attendance
  at services, there was no freedom of worship

40
The Growth of New England

• The number of families insured a feeling of
  commitment to the community, a sense of social
  order, and a measure of social stability
• People began to come into the colony who were not
  Puritan saints and could not vote, or who did
  not accept all the religious tenets of the
  colonys leaders, these people had a choice of
  conforming or leaving

41
The Growth of New England

• Thomas Hooker, minister from Cambridge, left the
  colony in 1635 and led his congregation into the
  wilds of the Connecticut Valley and founded
  Hartford, the colonial government was established
  under a constitution called the Fundamental
  Orders of Connecticut that gave the right to vote
  and hold office to a larger proportion of the men

42
The Growth of New England

• The New Haven colony grew on the Connecticut
  coast and under the Fundamental Articles of New
  Haven (1639) established a religious government
  even stricter than that in Boston
• The Hartford and New Haven colonies were combined
  in 1662 under a royal charter and renamed the
  colony of Connecticut

43
The Growth of New England

• Roger Williams called for a complete separation
  of church and state in order to protect the
  church from the corruption of the secular world,
  he was branded a heretic by the government and
  banished, in 1636 he bought a tract of land from
  Narragansett tribesmen and founded Providence.

44
The Growth of New England

• In 1644 he received a charter from Parliament and
  founded Rhode Island, the colonial government of
  Rhode Island gave no support to the church and
  allowed liberty in religious concernments, it
  was the only colony in which all faiths could
  worship without interference

45
The Growth of New England

• Anne Hutchinson shared the strict Puritan belief
  that only the elect were entitled to any
  position of authority and in order to be part of
  the elect one had to have a conversion
  experience, Hutchinson believed that some
  ministers were not part of the elect and
  therefore should have no authority.

46
The Growth of New England

• Puritan leaders did not like this challenge to
  their authority especially coming from a woman,
  Hutchinson was put on trial for heresy in 1637
  and she was convicted of sedition and banished
  from the colony as a woman not fit for our
  society, she would die in a native attack on
  Long Island in 1643

47
The Growth of New England

• In 1637 the Pequot War broke out in the
  Connecticut Valley, caused by land disputes and
  disputes between the natives and the settlers
  over trade with the Dutch in New Netherland, the
  Pequot tribe was almost wiped out as a result of
  the bloody and savage war

48
The Growth of New England

• In 1675 King Philips War broke out in western
  Massachusetts, the Wampanoags led by Metacomet
  (King Philip) resisted British expansion into
  native lands and the imposition of English law on
  the natives, the natives resisted for 3 years
  being well-organized and well-armed under
  Metacomet destroyed 20 Massachusetts towns and
  killed almost 1000 settlers greatly weakening the
  society and economy of Massachusetts

49
The Growth of New England

• The British allied themselves with the Mohawks
  and the praying Indians of the region and went
  on the offensive destroying native villages and
  food supplies on the frontier, a band of Mohawks
  ambushed and killed Metacomet then took his
  severed head to Boston and presented it to
  colonial authorities, after this the English were
  able to crush the uprising

50
The Growth of New England

• Life on the frontier in New England was still
  quite dangerous, natives resented further
  westward expansion, the were conflicting
  territorial claims in the interior among the
  English, French, and the Dutch, the most
  prominent threat coming from the French who were
  allied with the Algonquins

51
The Growth of New England

• Developments in weapons technology also made life
  dangerous, the flintlock musket was much more
  lethal than the matchlock rifle, it was lighter,
  able to fire quicker, and more accurate than the
  matchlock, the natives began to acquire these
  newer rifles in their trade with the colonists
  and quickly became proficient in their use

52
The Growth of New England
53
The Restoration Colonies

• Charles I comes to the throne in 1625, dissolves
  Parliament in 1629 and begins ruling as an
  absolute monarch, during this time he antagonizes
  a number of his subjects (most prominently
  Puritans), finally in need of money he calls
  Parliament back into session in an effort to
  raise taxes but dismisses Parliament again, civil
  war breaks out in 1642

54
The Restoration Colonies

• The English Civil War between the Cavaliers
  (supporters of the King) and Roundheads
  (supporters of the Parliament and mostly
  Puritans) lasts for 7 years and ends in 1649 with
  the beheading of Charles I

55
The Restoration Colonies

• The Roundheads elevated their leader, Oliver
  Cromwell, to the position of protector and he
  ruled until his death in 1658, upon his death
  Charles II becomes King in 1660 (Stuart
  Restoration)
• From 1636 until 1663 there were no new British
  colonies chartered in North America

56
The Restoration Colonies

• Charles II begins to grant charters in 1663,
  these new charters are proprietary colonies,
  private companies are no longer interested in
  launching colonies convinced there are no quick
  profits to be made in the new world, instead
  these new colonies are designed to be permanent
  settlements that would bring proprietors land and
  power

57
The Restoration Colonies

• Charles II awarded a large grant of land to 8
  court favorites that stretched south to Florida
  and west to the Pacific Ocean in 1663 and 1665,
  and their charter gave them powers similar to
  Lord Baltimore in Maryland

58
The Restoration Colonies

• The proprietors expected to profit through land
  speculation and landlord status, they used a
  headright system to attract settlers, proposed a
  quitrent system of collecting annual payments
  from settlers, granted freedom of religion to all
  Christians and political freedom by allowing a
  representative assembly to make laws for the
  colony, in 1669 John Locke wrote the Fundamental
  Constitution for Carolina which created an
  elaborate system of land distribution and social
  order

59
The Non-Indian Population of the Chesapeake,
1607-1700
60
The Restoration Colonies

• In 1670 the first voyage of settlers left for the
  New World, 100 out of 300 survived the voyage and
  settled in the Port Royal region, in 1680 they
  founded a city at the junction of the Ashley and
  Cooper Rivers and called it Charles Town, in 1690
  it became the colonial capital and was renamed
  later Charleston

61
The Restoration Colonies

• Northern settlers were mainly backwoods farmers
  practicing subsistence agriculture, they were
  largely isolated from the outside world, they
  developed no landed aristocracy, and they
  imported virtually no African slaves

62
The Restoration Colonies

• Southern settlers benefited from fertile land and
  the good harbor at Charleston, they developed an
  aristocratic society, they had a sound economy
  based on trade in corn, lumber, cattle, pork,
  rice (1690s), their largest trading partner was
  Barbados and eventually large numbers of
  Barbadians moved to Carolina creating a
  slave-based plantation society similar to the
  Caribbean

63
The Restoration Colonies

• There was tremendous social instability in
  Carolina, between the small farmers and the
  planters, between the rich planters and the
  smaller farmers, finally in 1729 the King divided
  Carolina into the two royal colonies of North
  Carolina and South Carolina

64
The Restoration Colonies

• In 1664 the King granted his brother the Duke of
  York all the land between the Connecticut and
  Delaware Rivers in a proprietary colony, this
  land was already claimed by the Dutch and
  colonized in a colony called New Amsterdam

65
The Restoration Colonies

• There was an economic rivalry between the British
  and the Dutch, but the real issue for the British
  was that New Amsterdam was a wedge between New
  England and Virginia that allowed Dutch smugglers
  to evade British customs laws

66
The Restoration Colonies

• In 1664 a British fleet sailed into the port of
  New Amsterdam and got the Dutch to surrender, the
  Dutch received assurances that the Dutch settlers
  would not be displaced and they were not

67
The Restoration Colonies

• In 1674 the colony was renamed New York and
  possessed a tremendous amount of diversity
  including Dutch, English, Scandinavian, German,
  French, Africans, and Native residents, there
  were also a tremendous amount of religions
  present in the colony

68
The Restoration Colonies

• New York had a colonial government consisting of
  a governor and a council, there was no
  representative assembly in New York but there
  were locally elected governments and a guarantee
  of religious toleration

69
The Restoration Colonies

• There was a tremendous amount of political strife
  in the colony between the English landlords, the
  Dutch patrons, the fur traders, and the dukes
  political appointees
• The colony grew quickly but most of the
  population still lived in the Hudson River
  Valley, especially at the city at the mouth of
  the river

70
The Restoration Colonies

• New Jersey was also chartered as a proprietary
  colony in 1664 but it did not have nearly the
  success that New York did, it did have ethnic and
  religious diversity, but its economy was centered
  around small farmers and did not produce a single
  important city, in 1702 New Jersey was given back
  to the crown and became a royal colony

71
The Restoration Colonies

• The Society of Friends was founded in the
  mid-1600s by George Fox and Margaret Fell, they
  became know as the Quakers because they tremble
  at the name of the Lord, they believed that all
  people had divinity within themselves, an Inner
  Light that would guide them on the path of
  righteousness

72
The Restoration Colonies

• Quakers granted women a position of almost
  equality within their church, women could become
  preachers and determine church doctrine, they had
  no paid clergy, spoke up in services as the
  spirit moved them, used thee and thou when
  addressing people, they were confirmed pacifists,
  these traits taken together made them unpopular
  in England, except for Rhode Island life in the
  colonies was not much better

73
The Restoration Colonies

• In 1681 William Penn received a grant of land
  between New York and Maryland as a proprietary
  colony, this land was named Pennsylvania,
  settlers were attracted to Pennsylvania through
  advertising in several European countries, it
  became the most widely known colony in Europe,
  and the most cosmopolitan colony in the New World

74
The Restoration Colonies

• Pennsylvania became the most prosperous colony in
  the New World because of Penns successful
  recruiting of emigrants, the mild climate, and
  the fertile soil
• In 1703 the 3 lower counties of Pennsylvania
  split off and became their own colony of Delaware

75
The Restoration Colonies

• William Penn tried to create a holy experiment in
  the New World, personally supervising the laying
  out of Philadelphia, reimbursing the natives for
  their land, keeping alcohol away from the
  natives, Penn was regarded by the natives as an
  honest white man and there were no major
  conflicts in Pennsylvania with the natives during
  his lifetime

76
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• In the early 1600s the most important
  destination for English immigrants were the
  islands of the Caribbean including Antigua, St.
  Kitts, Jamaica, Barbados, and the Atlantic island
  of Bermuda, over half of all New World settlers
  came here instead of North America

77
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• These settlements were under constant threat from
  the Spanish, the Portuguese, the French and the
  Dutch, they tried to cultivate tobacco and cotton
  but failed, however sugar flourished and was a
  very valuable cash crop in Europe, sugar could
  also be distilled into rum which was another
  valuable product

78
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• Planters in the West Indies devoted the majority
  of their land to sugar cane production which was
  very labor intensive, they quick found that they
  needed to import labor to work on the vast
  plantations, they started bringing indentured
  servants over from England but they could not
  adapt to the harsh climate, instead they followed
  the lead of the Spanish and turned to enslaved
  Africans

79
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• The English planters were a tough, aggressive and
  ambitious breed, some of whom grew very wealthy,
  the system of African slavery grew very quickly
  on these islands, by the end of the 1600s there
  were 4 times as many Africans as white settlers
  in the West Indies

80
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• In the West Indies there was a very small white
  population enjoying considerable economic success
  at the expense of a very large enslaved African
  population, this was potentially a very explosive
  combination
• There were at least 7 major slave revolts in the
  West Indies, more than the English colonies in
  North America experienced in their entire history
  as a slave society

81
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• By the 1660s all the islands enacted legal codes
  to regulate relations between masters and slaves
  giving white people virtually absolute authority
  over Africans, it was cheaper to buy new slaves
  periodically than to protect the well-being of
  those they already owned

82
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• White masters would literally work their slaves
  to death, few African workers survived more than
  a decade in the brutal Caribbean working
  environment, even whites succumbed to the harsh
  climate (tropical diseases) with few living past
  the age of 40

83
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• Many white settlers had no desire to stay in the
  West Indies, they made their fortunes and
  returned to England as soon as they could leaving
  their estates in the hands of overseers, as a
  result these Caribbean colonies lacked the
  church, family, and community aspects of the
  North American colonies

84
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• These Caribbean colonies were an important part
  of the Atlantic trading world becoming a source
  of sugar and rum and a market for goods made in
  England and the North American colonies, they
  were also the principal source of African slaves
  for the North American colonies.

85
Borderlands and MiddleGrounds

• Over half the slaves in North America came from
  the Caribbean not Africa directly, they also
  provided models for the plantations that southern
  colonies would eventually copy

86
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• Spain had several colonies north of Mexico
  including Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona,
  and California that were governed from Mexico
  City which was a metropolis with over a million
  residents, these northern colonies were
  relatively unimportant economically to the
  empire, and attracted religious minorities,
  Catholic missionaries, independent ranchers, and
  Spanish troops

87
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• New Mexico was the most prosperous and populous
  of these colonies with over 10,000 non-Indian
  residents making their livelihood from largely
  agricultural means.

88
Borderlands and MiddleGrounds

• Spain began to pay more attention to California
  in the 1700s when the English merchants, French
  and Russian trappers began to move into the
  territory
• Spain also began to pay more attention to Texas
  in the 1680s as the French expanded their hold
  on Louisiana and the Mississippi River Valley

89
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• These Spanish outposts were to defend the Spanish
  Empire from European threats from the North,
  however the Spanish interaction with the natives
  was substantially different from the British and
  the French, they were not committed to displacing
  them rather they tried to recruit them to being
  agricultural workers, and they did not consider
  them obstacles to their own designs as the
  English did

90
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• The Spanish claimed Florida in the 1560s and
  began to expand their presence northward into the
  panhandle and southern Georgia and thought that
  they could continue expanding northward, the
  English settlement of Jamestown in 1607 altered
  that plan.

91
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• The Spanish began to fortify their holding in the
  southeastern part of North America and the region
  was a source of tension between the English,
  Spanish, and French

92
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• English pirates were active in the Florida region
  and actually sacked St. Augustine in 1668, the
  English encouraged the Indians in Florida to rise
  up against their Spanish oppressors and the
  Spanish encouraged the African slaves to rise up
  or run away from their English masters and about
  100 did so.

93
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• Eventually the Spanish presence in Florida was
  confined to the area around St. Augustine and
  Pensacola

94
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• Georgia was founded by General James Oglethorpe
  who wanted to create a military barrier against
  the Spanish in the southeast and they wanted to
  provide a refuge for the impoverished with no
  prospects back in England

95
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• In the late 1600s and early 1700s there was a
  running string of conflicts between the Spanish
  and the English that heightened the need for a
  defensive presence in the southeast
• In 1732 Oglethorpe received his charter from the
  King to found the colony of Georgia between the
  Savannah and Altamaha Rivers

96
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• The military purpose of the colony was reflected
  by the limiting of the size of landholdings to
  make the settlement compact and easy to defend,
  they excluded Africans (free or slave) who might
  revolt internally or give aid to the Spanish in
  the event of attack.

97
Borderlands and MiddleGrounds

• They prohibited rum and regulated trade with the
  natives so as not to give them cause to attack,
  and they excluded Catholics who might side with
  the Spanish in the event of an attack

98
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• The colony never really served its purpose as a
  haven for debtors, very few got out of jail and
  to the New World, instead many impoverished
  tradesmen from across Europe came, there were
  fewer English settlers in Georgia than any other
  colony

99
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• Those who did settle in Georgia quickly chafed at
  the laws of the colony, they wanted slaves to
  work the land and they wanted to be able to have
  large landholdings like their neighbors in South
  Carolina, and in the mid-1700s these changes took
  place and Georgia began to resemble South
  Carolina

100
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• The English quickly established their dominance
  over the natives in New England and Virginia, yet
  not on the western frontiers where there was no
  influence of the colonial governments.
• The natives feared the power of the Europeans
  with their guns, rifles, and forts, yet wanted
  them to act as fathers mediating internal
  disputes, moderating their conflicts, and
  offering their chiefs gifts

101
Borderlands and Middle Grounds

• The French were the most adept at forging
  beneficial relationships with natives and
  established a peaceful working relationship in
  the Great Lakes that lasted several decades
• This notion of a middle ground on the frontier
  lasted through the 1600s, declined during the
  1700s, and largely disappeared during the 1800s

102
Borderlands and MiddleGrounds

• The early period of European colonization in
  North America was not a matter of conquest and
  subjugation, there was a significant period of
  mutual adaptation on the frontier

103
The Evolution of the British Empire

• Imperial reorganization was necessary to increase
  the profitability of the colonies and the power
  of the government to supervise them
• The mercantilist system required that the
  colonies provide raw materials that could not be
  produced at home and provide a market for the
  finished products made in England, this would
  increase the total wealth of the nation

104
The Evolution of the British Empire

• England wanted to exclude foreigners from
  colonial trade and wanted to monopolize trade
  with the colonies for herself
• Colonists produced wheat, flour, and fish that
  could be produced in England and therefore had no
  ready market for these products in England,
  therefore they traded the goods (and others) with
  other European powers in the New World

105
The Evolution of the British Empire

• In 1650 and 1651 Parliament passed laws to keep
  Dutch ships out the English colonies
• The Navigation Act of 1660 closed the colonies to
  all trade except that carried in English ships
  and required that the colonies only export
  tobacco and other items to England or English
  possessions

106
The Evolution of the British Empire

• The Navigation Act of 1663 stated that all goods
  being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to
  pass through England so that it could be taxed
• The Navigation Act of 1673 imposed duties on the
  coastal trade among English colonies and provided
  for the appointment of customs officials to
  enforce these Navigation Acts
• These Navigation Acts created an important
  shipbuilding industry in the colonies
• The policy of mercantilism allowed the English
  government to encourage and subsidize the
  colonies production of certain goods

107
The Evolution of the British Empire

• In 1679 Charles II stripped Massachusetts of its
  authority over New Hampshire and chartered it as
  a separate royal colony
• In 1684 Charles II revoked the Massachusetts
  corporate charter and made it a royal colony in
  response to the Massachusetts General Court
  refusing to enforce the Navigation Acts

108
The Evolution of the British Empire

• In 1686 James II created a single Dominion of New
  England which combined the governments of
  Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, Rhode
  Island, New Hampshire into a single government
  organization, and then in 1688 James II added New
  York and New Jersey to the Dominion of New
  England.

109
The Evolution of the BritishEmpire

• The Dominion of New England eliminated the
  colonial assemblies and was headed by an
  appointed governor, Sir Edmund Andros, who would
  rule from Boston

110
The Evolution of the British Empire

• Sir Edmund Andros was a stern, tactless man who
  rigidly enforced the Navigation Acts using crude
  and arbitrary tactics, he dismissed the
  colonists claim to the rights of Englishmen,
  and was thoroughly disliked in the colonies
• Sir Edmund Andros was extraordinarily unpopular
  in Massachusetts where he tried to strengthen the
  Anglican Church

111
The Evolution of the British Empire

• James II was attempting to increase his power
  back in England over Parliament and the courts,
  appointing Catholics to positions of power, and
  by 1688 he was as unpopular in England as he was
  in the colonies

112
The Evolution of the British Empire

• In 1688 Parliament invited Mary (the Kings
  daughter) and her husband William to take the
  crown of England, William and Mary arrived in
  England in 1688 with a small army to assume the
  throne together, James II offered no resistance
  and fled, this bloodless coup is known as the
  Glorious Revolution

113
The Evolution of the British Empire

• When news got to the colonies, they immediately
  went after Sir Edmund Andros, removed him from
  his post, and disbanded the Dominion of New
  England.

114
The Evolution of the BritishEmpire

• William and Mary agreed to restore their former
  separate colonial governments except for
  Massachusetts which was combined with Plymouth
  and remained a royal colony, it did get its
  General Court restored but the governor was
  appointed royally, the voting requirements were
  changed from religious based to property based
  and the Anglican form of worship was tolerated in
  Massachusetts

115
The Evolution of the British Empire

• In 1689 Jacob Leisler led a rebellion in New York
  against the government, he was frustrated with
  his social status and felt that the government
  was dominated by old moneyed interests, he tried
  to hold onto power for 2 years but was eventually
  hanged, drawn, and quartered in 1691

116
The Evolution of the British Empire

• In 1689 John Coode led a revolt against the
  Catholic Lord Baltimore, they drove out the
  proprietors officials and petitioned William and
  Mary to make Maryland a royal colony, they agreed
  and stripped Lord Baltimore of his authority,
  made the Church of England the official religion,
  forbade Catholics to hold public office, vote, or
  practice their religion in public

117
The Evolution of the British Empire

• Both of these uprisings in New York and Maryland
  had more to do with local factions and religious
  divisions than with the colonies exerting some
  authority over the crown and trying out
  independence.