The Early Republic

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TheEarlyRepublic
The Jeffersonian Years 1788 - 1808
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Jeffersons Inaugural Address

• Conciliatory
• Every difference of opinionnot a difference of
  principle.
• We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.
• Policy statements
• Economy in government
• Unrestricted trade
• Freedom of religion, the press, and person
  (habeas corpus)
• Friendship to all nations but entangling
  alliances with none
• America, the worlds best hope, would flourish
  if a limited government left men free to
  regulate their own pursuits.

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Jeffersons Goals

• Jeffersons goals as president were to
• Reduce
• Cost of government
• Size of government
• Repeal heinous acts passed by Adams
  administration
• Maintain international peace

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Jeffersons wise and frugal government

• Jeffersons plan to reduce the national debt
  included
• Reducing the number of government employees
• Slashing the army and the navy
• Repealing all taxes except the tariff
• Paying off national debt

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Attack on the Judges Judiciary Act

• Judiciary Act of 1801 creates new circuit courts
  filled with loyal Federalists
• 1802--Jeffersonians repeal Judiciary Act of 1801
  to abolish courts
• Federalists charge violation of judges
  Constitutional right of tenure

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Attack on the Judges Marbury v. Madison

• Marbury v. Madison (1803) rules Judiciary Act of
  1789 unconstitutional
• Federalist Marbury denied his judgeship
• Republicans claim victory
• Chief Justice John Marshall ensures Federalist
  influence through judicial review

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Attack on the Judges Impeachments

• 1803--Federalist John Pickering impeached,
  removed for alcoholism, insanity
• Republicans begin fearing the destruction of an
  independent judiciary
• Jefferson exacerbates fears by seeking to impeach
  Federalist Samuel Chase
• Republican Senate refuses to convict

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The Louisiana Purchase
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The Lewis and Clark Expedition
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The Lewis Clark Expedition(1804 1806)

• Expedition had both scientific commercial
  purposes
• Study areas geography, plants, animal life
• Discover how region might be exploited
  economically
• Hoped to establish trade relations w/ western
  Indians
• Hoped to discover elusive water route to Pacific
• Expedition important for three reasons
• Brought back immense amount of info
• Journey demonstrated feasibility of overland
  route to Pacific
• Helped strengthen the idea that America was
  destined to reach across the continent

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Conflict With the Barbary States

• North African states demand tribute from ships
  sailing in Mediterranean
• Jefferson dispatches U.S. fleet to negotiate
  through the mouth of a cannon
• U.S. cannot defeat the Barbary States
• Action induces respect for U.S. rights

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The Barbary Coast
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The Tripolitan Wars
Stephen Decatur
Burning the Philadelphia
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To the Shores of Tripoli
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The Chesapeake Leopard Affair
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The Embargo Act of 1807

• With France and Britain at war once again both
  countries began to prey on US shipping and
  sailors.
• In an attempt to bring France and Britain under
  control without resorting to actually open
  conflict President Jefferson recommended that
  Congress enact an embargo against both countries.
• The embargoes would include grain, cotton and
  tobacco.

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The Embargo Act or 1807

• Congress passed the Embargo Act in December 1807
  and other, related acts in January, March and
  April 1808.
• The supplemental acts went on to include coasting
  vessels, fishing ships and smugglers.
• Congress passed stiff penalties and authorized
  captains of US naval vessels and customs
  inspectors to stop and search any ship within US
  jurisdiction they had reason to suspect was in
  violation of the Embargo Acts.

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The Embargo Act of 1807

• With such measures, Congress and the President
  conveniently ignored that the Fourth Amendment,
  which was meant to protect people against
  unreasonable searches and seizures provided that
  no search warrant would issue absent probable
  cause a much higher standard than suspicion or
  mere opinion.

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The Embargo Act of 1807

• Very unpopular in New England where commerce and
  shipping was an important industry.
• New Englanders observed a better title would be
  an act for the better encouragement of the
  British colonies in America because skilled
  seaman from New England moved to Canada so they
  could practice their trade.
• State of insurrection declared in April, 1808 in
  the Lake Champlain area.
• Massachusetts legislature declares the Act
  unjust, oppressive and unconstitutional, and not
  legally binding on the citizens of this state.
• Delaware and Connecticut follow with similar
  messages.
• Jefferson, just days prior to his end of term,
  signed a bill repealing the embargo and
  permitting trade with the rest of the world with
  the exception of Britain and France, and
  providing the chief executive with the option to
  reopen trade with which ever beligerant ceased to
  interfere with American shipping.

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Macons Bill 2

• Replaced Nonintercourse Act of 1809
• Reopened trade with Warring Powers
• (Great Britain France)
• Provided that
• If either nation dropped its restrictions on
  American trade
• America would reimpose nonintercourse on the
  other nation