SECTION I. THE PHILOSOPHY AND HISTORY OF PRISONS Chapter 1. The Rationale for Imprisonment

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Chapter 6

• Classification and Rehabilitation

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The Development of Rehabilitation

• Early almshouses, houses of correction, etc.
  sought to change the individual
• Mark system Maconochie
• Irish system Sir Walter Crofton
• 1870 indeterminate system (based on good
  behavior)
• Positivist school saw cause of crime in
  individual

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The Medical Model

• Crime is a symptom of an underlying pathology
  that can be treated
• Crime product of biological and environmental
  factors
• 1870, reformatory ideal
• Advances in science, social science through the
  1960s1970

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The Decline of the Rehabilitative Ideal

• Martinson study
• Critics of Martinson

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Classification of Inmates (1 of 2)

• Classification for Management
• Security custody level of prison, custody
  classification of individual
• Subjective classification systems
• Objective classification systems (actuarial data
  risk scale) 

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Classification of Inmates (2 of 2)

• Classification for Treatment
• Internal classification
• Psychological assessment
• Level of Service Inventory-Revised
• Community Risk/Needs Management Scale
• Wisconsin risk/needs instrument
• Psychological paper and pencil tests
• MMPI
• I-Level
• AIMs
• Megargee MMPI-based

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Prison Programming

• Inmate activities
• Recreation
• Religion
• Arts and Crafts
• Community Service
• Treatment Programs
• Self-Help Groups (12 step)
• Professional Group Treatment

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Bringing About Change

• Does curing inmates problem necessarily stop
  crime?
• Is inmates problem (i.e. depression) necessarily
  the cause of crime?
• How do you measure success? 

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Individual vs. Group Therapy

• Individual therapy not common
• Costly and time consuming
• Psychologists have other duties
• Group therapy may follow any format
• Problems include subculture, security 

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Therapeutic Communities

• Characteristics isolation, staff integrated
  into program, voluntary and selection, well
  trained staff, motivated inmates
• All activities are seen as part of treatment
• Well controlled evaluations do not show
  recidivism reduction
• Successful participants speak highly of programs

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Psychological and Psychiatric Programs

• Psychotherapy
• Behavior Modification Therapy (token economies,
  aversive conditioning)
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• Transactional Analysis
• Reality Therapy

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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Treatment

• Martinsons findings were not nothing works
• What is success?
• What degree of recidivism equals success?
• How does program implementation match ideal?
• Other issues
• Eclectic programs impossible to replicate
• High attrition
• Control group
• Black box of prison
• Effect of treatment professional
• Individualized treatment

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Evaluation Studies

• Palmer
• Gendreau and Ross
• Andrews and Bonta
• Lipsey and colleagues
• Cullen and Gilbert

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What Does Work?

• Elements of a successful program (Coulson and
  Nutbrown)
• Cognitive-based programs seem most successful
• What Works For Women?
• Gendreaus principles for effective treatment
• Gender-responsive programming