Transportation Alternatives for Energy Efficiency: A National Perspective

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Transportation Alternatives for Energy
Efficiency A National Perspective

• Dr. Michael D. Meyer, P.E.
• F. R. Dickerson Chair and Professor
• School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
• Georgia Institute of Technology

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Transportation System Planning and Design
Construction and Maintenance Practices Transporta
tion System Management and Operations Vehicle and
Fuel Policies Transportation Planning and
Funding Land Use Codes, Regulations, and other
Policies Taxation and Pricing Travel Demand
Management
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Strategy NameKey Deployment AssumptionsTransport
ation System Planning, Funding, and Design
Highways Fuel/GHG Reduction in 2030
Capacity Expansion 25 100 increase in economically justified investments over current levels 0.07 0.29 0.25 0.96
Bottleneck Relief Improve top 100 to 200 bottlenecks nationwide by 2030 0.05 0.21 0.29 0.66
HOV Lanes Convert all existing HOV lanes to 24-hour operation 0.02 0.00
HOV Lanes Convert off-peak direction general purpose lane to reversible HOV lane on congested freeways 0.07 0.18
HOV Lanes Construct new HOV lanes on all urban freeways 0.05
Truck-only Toll Lanes Constructed to serve 10 40 of VMT in large/high density urban areas 0.03 0.15
Transit
Urban Fixed-Guideway Transit Expansion rate of 2.4 4.7 annually 0.17 0.65
High-Speed Intercity Rail 4 11 new HSR corridors 0.09 0.18
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Strategy NameKey Deployment AssumptionsTransport
ation System Planning, Funding, and Design
Non-motorized Fuel/GHG Reduction in 2030
Pedestrian Improvements Pedestrian improvements implemented near business districts, schools, transit stations 0.10 0.31
Bicycle Improvements Comprehensive bicycle infrastructure implemented in moderate to high-density urban neighborhoods 0.09 0.28
Freight
Rail Freight Infrastructure Aspiration estimates of potential truck-rail diversion resulting from major program of rail infrastructure investments 0.01 0.22
Ports and Marine Infrastructure Operations Land and marine-side operational improvements at container ports 0.01 0.02

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Strategy NameKey Deployment AssumptionsTransport
ation System Planning, Funding, and Design
Construction and Maintenance Practices Construction and Maintenance Practices Fuel/GHG Reduction in 2030
Construction Materials Fly-ash cement and warm-mix asphalt used in highway construction throughout U.S. 0.7 0.8
Other Transportation Agency Activities Alternative fuel DOT fleet vehicles, LEED-certified DOT buildings 0.1
Transportation System Management and Operations Transportation System Management and Operations
Traffic Management Deployment of traffic management strategies on freeways and arterials at rate of 700 to 1,400 miles/year nationwide, in locations of greatest congestion 0.07 0.08 0.89 1.3
Ramp Metering Centrally controlled 0.01 0.12 0.22
Incident Management Detection and response, including coordination through traffic management center 0.02 0.03 0.24 0.34
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Strategy NameKey Deployment AssumptionsTransport
ation System Planning, Funding, and Design
Transportation System Management and Operations Transportation System Management and Operations Fuel/GHG Reduction in 2030
Signal Control Management Upgrade to closed loop or traffic adaptive system 0.00 0.01 0.10
Active Traffic Management Speed harmonization, lane control, queue warning, hard shoulder running 0.01 0.02 0.24 0.29
Integrated Corridor Management Multiple strategies 0.01 0.02 0.24 0.29
Real-Time Traffic Information 511, DOT website, personalized information 0.00 0.02 0.07
Transit Service
Fare Reductions 25 50 fare reduction (2) 50 fare reduction (5) 0.02 0.09 0.3
Improved Headways and LOS 10 30 improvement in travel speeds through infrastructure/ops strategies 0.05 0.10
Increase service (min add 40 to off-peak max also add 10 to peak) 0.2 0.6
Intercity passenger rail service expansion Min increase federal capital/operating assistance 5 annually vs. trend Max Double fed operating assistance then increase 10 annually 0.05 0.11
Intercity bus service expansion 3 annual expansion in intercity bus service 0.06
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Strategy NameKey Deployment AssumptionsTransport
ation System Planning, Funding, and Design
Truck Operations Fuel/GHG Reduction in 2030
Truck Idling Reduction 30 100 of truck stops allow trucks to plug in for local power 0.02 0.06
26 100 of sleeper cabs with onboard idle reduction technology 0.09 0.28
Truck Size and Weight Limits Allow heavy/long trucks for drayage and non-interstate natural resources hauls 0.03
Urban Consolidation Centers Consolidation centers established on periphery of large urbanized areas permitting of urban deliveries to require consolidation 0.01
Reduced Speed Limits 55 mph national speed limit 1.2 2.0

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Strategy NameKey Deployment AssumptionsTransport
ation System Planning, Funding, and Design
Travel Demand Management Travel Demand Management Fuel/GHG Reduction in 2030
Workplace TDM (general) Widespread employer outreach and alternative mode support 0.1 0.6
Teleworking Doubling of current levels 0.5 0.6
Compressed Work Weeks Minimum 75 of government employees Maximum double current private participation (1) Requirement to offer 4/40 workweek to those whose jobs are amenable (5) 0.1 0.3 2.4
Ridematching, Carpool, and Vanpool Extensive rideshare outreach and support 0.0 0.2
Mass Marketing Mass marketing in 50 largest urban areas 0.14
Individualized Marketing Individualized marketing reaching 10 percent of population 0.14 0.28
Car-Sharing Subsidies for start-up/operations 0.05 0.20
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Missouri DOT
Grasman, et al, Alternative Energy Resources for
the Missouri DOT, Jan. 2011.
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Grasman, et al, Alternative Energy Resources for
the Missouri DOT, Jan. 2011.
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Grasman, et al, Alternative Energy Resources for
the Missouri DOT, Jan. 2011.
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Sivek and Schoettle, Eco-Driving Strategic,
Tactical and Operational Decisions of the Driver
that Improve Vehicle Fuel Economy, UMTRI,
University of Michigan, Aug. 2011.
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Furthermore, increased efforts should also be
directed at increasing vehicle occupancy, which
has dropped by 30 from 1960. That drop, by
itself, increased the energy intensity of driving
per occupant by about 30. Sivek and Schoettle,
Eco-Driving Strategic, Tactical and Operational
Decisions of the Driver that Improve Vehicle Fuel
Economy, UMTRI, University of Michigan, Aug.
2011.
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MARTA Carbon Footprint

• Carbon Footprint of MARTA (2008)

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Driving and the Built Environment (TRB, Sept
2009)

• More compact development patterns are likely to
  reduce VMT.
• 2. The most reliable studies estimate that
  doubling residential density across a
  metropolitan area might lower household VMT by
  about 5 to 12 percent, and perhaps by as much as
  25 percent, if coupled with higher employment
  concentrations, significant public transit
  improvements, mixed uses, and other supportive
  demand management measures.

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• 3. More compact, mixed-use development can
  produce reductions in energy consumption and CO2
  emissions both directly and indirectly.
• 4. Significant increases in more compact,
  mixed-use development result in only modest
  short-term reductions in energy consumption and
  CO2 emissions, but these reductions will grow
  over time.
• Bottom Line Reduction in VMT, Energy Use, and
  CO2 emissions from more compact, mixed-use
  development in the range of lt1 to 11 by 2050.
• Committee disagreed about plausibility of extent
  of compact development and policies needed to
  achieve high end estimates.

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• Promoting more compact, mixed use development on
  a large scale will require overcoming numerous
  obstacles.
• 6. Changes in development patterns entail other
  benefits and costs that have not been quantified
  in this study.

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Moving Cooler (ULI/CS, 2009)

• Evaluated non-technology transportation
  strategies for (a) GHG reductions and (b)
  cost-effectiveness in reducing GHG
• Analyzed 46 individual transportation strategies
  and 6 bundles
• The 6 bundles of strategies
• Near Term/Early Results
• Long Term/Maximum Results
• Land Use/Transit/Non-motorized
• System and Driver Efficiency
• Facility Pricing
• Low Cost
• Did not analyze technology/fuel strategies
  (instead, technology is part of the baseline)

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• Individual strategies achieve GHG reductions
  ranging from lt0.5 to 4.0 cumulatively
  2010-2050, compared to on-road baseline GHG
• 15,186 mmt - carbon pricing equivalent to
  2.71/gallon
• 3,361 mmt VMT fees equivalent to
  2.53/gallon
• 2,428 mmt speed limit reductions/enforcement
• 2,233 mmt PAYD auto insurance (100)
• 1,815 mmt eco-driving by 20 of drivers
• 1,445 mmt at least 90 of new urban
  development is compact, with high quality
  transit
• 1,241 mmt congestion pricing fully
  implemented in 120 metro areas at 65
  cents/mile
• 575 mmt - 1.2 trillion transit expansion
• 352 mmt combination of 10 freight
  strategies

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SANDAG

• Promote transit-oriented design (TOD) by
  increasing housing and job density near transit
  nodes.
• Promote mixed use development.
• Increase the connectivity of new developments,
  using techniques such as reducing the number of
  cul-de-sacs and increasing the number of through
  streets.
• Integrate safe bikeways and pedestrian paths into
  the transportation mix and provide bicycle
  parking and other facilities to encourage
  bicycling.

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Summary

• Transportation sector an important source of
  energy savings
• Vehicle/fuel strategies most effective
• Pricing, not surprisingly, the most effective of
  behavioral strategies
• Systems operationsas a package
• Transit.it all depends
• Land use.it all depends