Title: BeReEm
1BeReEm
- Belief, Reason, Emotion
- Subjective construal of THINK in Polish
- Iwona Kokorniak
- Karolina Krawczak
2Outline
- Objective subjective construal
- Intersubjective construal
- Performative descriptive uses of epistemic
expressions - Semantics of prefixed THINK verbs and think in
Polish - Frequencies
- Coding schema
- Multifactorial analysis
- Conclusion
-
3GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE NOTIONS
- (Inter)subjectivity and objectivity relate to
conceptualization and perspectivization - They are not coextensive with our potential folk
understanding of the terms - The concept of subject is a focal point
4SUBJECTIVITY AND OBJECTIVITY
- Subjectivity issues from subjectification and
characterizes objects/elements of the objective
situation - Elements of an objective situation are
subjectified if they are relegated to the
background, rather than put onstage - Subjectivity is thus one of the results of the
perspective the speaker selects to construe a
given situation, and subjectification can be seen
as semantic bleaching (Langacker 2006)
5EXPLANATION
- Subjective construal necessitates that a given
element be offstage - Objective construal requires that it be onstage
- The object of conception, either a thing or a
relation, resides in the immediate scope - The subject of conception can construe the
object, being (a) offstage (b) within overall,
but not immediate scope (c) onstage
6EXEMPLIFICATION
- be going to
- (1) He is going to meet his friends.
- (2) It is going to rain.
- Possessive have
- (1) I have a new flat.
- (2) The flat has three rooms.
- (cf. Langacker 2006)
7INTERSUBJECTIVITY
-
- Intersubjective expressions are decoder-oriented
as they are the overt realization of the
encoders sensitivity to the decoders
subjectivity. - (Traugott 20052)
8PERFORMATIVE USES OF EPISTEMIC EXPRESSIONS
- at 'utterance time' the speaker subscribes to
and accepts responsibility for the epistemic
evaluation underlying it. - (1) It is probable that John made it to the
bakery before closing time. - (2) I think John made it to the bakery before
closing time. - (Nuyts 2001 384f.)
9DESCRIPTIVE USES OF EPISTEMIC EXPRESSIONS
- the speaker reports on someone else's epistemic
evaluation of a state of affairs without there
being any explicit indication as to whether the
speaker personally subscribes (i.e., is
committed) to the veracity of the evaluation or
not. - (3) Mary thinks that John made it to the bakery.
- (4) Mary considers it probable that John made it
to the bakery. - (Nuyts 2001 384f.)
10Prefix semantics
- do indicates an approximation to a goal or
result some effort reaching the goal may
involve encountering certain difficulties along
the way, where the trajector (TR) makes every
effort to achieve the goal despite any obstacles
- na indicates an intensity of an action
expresses a cumulative process - ob the image schema involved here refers to a
circular motion of TR around LM - po forms delimitative verbs to indicate (i) a
short duration of an action (ii) a limited
nature of an action does not involve the
attainment of any obvious goal (atelic) - prze may depict a three dimensional and bounded
LM, such as a tunnel in which the TR moves from
one end to the other, where the TR gradually
fills the whole volume of the landmark
(Pasich-Piasecka 1993 19)
11Prefix semantics
- roz in its basic image schema represents the TR
and landmark LM constituting one entity before a
change and taking different forms afterwards.
Thus, the comparison of the two states of the
entity before and after the change profiles
different senses of roz-. - wy construal of the TRs emergence from the LM,
or its coming into existence by leaving the
bounded region of the LM the container image
schema evoked - za can represent a construal of excess with
intransitive perfective verbs, being extended
from the sense of going beyond a boundary - (Dickey 2006, 2009, p.c. Przybylska 2001, 2006
Piernikarski 1975 Smiech 1986 Tabakowska 2003)
12Semantics of myslec think
- myslec one of mental verbs representing what
originates in the subjects mind, the internal
reality (Shinzato 2004 862) - internalized (and abbreviated) speech, which is
thus tantamount to self-awareness (Fortesque
200117f.) - This private, internal activity can be further
specified into at least three kinds of processes - evaluating someone or something,
- believing in the truth of a proposition
- mulling over some mental content (Fortesque
200130) - THINK treated as one of semantic primes
(Wierzbicka 1996)
13The meaning of prefixed forms of myslec
- domysli/ac sie focus on the end point and
result intensive-resultative verb (Dickey 2009) - namysli/ac sie focus on cumulative nature
process, and goal attainement - obmysli/ac the mental process has a circular
nature, which means that the object of thinking
is considered from many different perspectives - pomyslec beginning of an action but no end or
result, focus on process A prefix overlaps with
the meaning of a source verb enough to produce a
compound verb whose meaning is identical to that
of the impf source verb save for aspect (Dickey
2006 12)
14The meaning of prefixed forms of myslec
- przemyslec/iwac implies the in-depth nature of
the mental activity may point at its
completeness and duration - rozmyslac - the activity is represented both in
the basic and the prefixed form of the verb the
difference may lie in the duration and intensity
of the activity (Przybylska 2001 271). The same
observation is made by Dickey (p.c. 14), who
calls this type of verbs procedural ones, as they
do not alter the basic lexical meaning of the
source verb - rozmyslic sie an observed change in the
subjects mental state - between the normal
process of the mental activity represented by the
unprefixed form into the changed mental state
represented by the prefixed one - the reflexive pronoun emphasizes the internal
mental change of the subject, which may also
bring about a change in the subjects behaviour
frequently conceived of by observers as a
negative one (Przybylska 2001 279-280)
15The meaning of prefixed forms of myslec
- wymyslic refers to a mental activity as a
result of which one or more ideas emerge from
ones mind completeness of the process, which is
conscious and goal-oriented punctual in nature - zamyslic sie an absorbtive verb, as it
construes a continuous process whose subject, by
becoming deeply engrossed in the activity, loses
control over it - the mental activity occurs independently of the
subjects will, some adverse consequences may be
expected (Dickey p.c.)
16The Polish PWN Corpus data
- extracts from 386 books, 977 issues of 185
newspapers and magazines, 84 recorded
conversations, 207 websites and several hundred
promotional leaflets - 40 million words demo online version of the
corpus used 7.5 million words - 1000 random hits of myslec coded
17Verb frequencies PWN Corpus
18Coding schema
- Person V1, V2, V3, VPersNA (e.g. nalezaloby sie
domyslac one should guess) - Mood Conditional, Indicative, Imperative,
Interrogative - Adverbial modifiers
- currently categories limited to
- INTENS, MANNER, INSTR, TEMP, FREQ, ADD, CONTR,
HYPO, LOC
19STUDY QUESTIONS
- Correlation between subjective/objective
construal THINK verbs - Correlation between subjective/objective
construal adverbs used with THINK verbs
20METHODS OF ANALYSIS
- Multiple Correspondence Analysis
- Logistic Regression Analysis
21MCA 1 VERB PERSON VERB FORM
22CORPUS EXAMPLES
23MCA 2 Verb Person Adverb
24EXAMPLES
25 Logistic Regression for Construal
26EXAMPLES FOR NON-OBJECTIVE CONSTRUALS
27Conclusion
- Prevalence of the subjective construal viewing
with prefixed forms, corresponding with the
descriptive stance on epistemic verbs - Strong correlation between objective construal
and myslec think in Polish - Important correlation between non-objective
costrual and hypothetical adverbs
28References
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East-West aspect division. (Paper presented at
the 9th Slavic Cognitive Linguistics Conference,
16th Oct. 2009.). - Dickey, Stephen M. (personal communication).
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29References (cont.)
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do-, od-, prze-, roz-, u-. Image schemata and
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