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BeReEm. Belief, Reason, Emotion. Subjective construal of THINK in Polish. Iwona Kokorniak. Karolina Krawczak – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: BeReEm


1
BeReEm
  • Belief, Reason, Emotion
  • Subjective construal of THINK in Polish
  • Iwona Kokorniak
  • Karolina Krawczak

2
Outline
  • Objective subjective construal
  • Intersubjective construal
  • Performative descriptive uses of epistemic
    expressions
  • Semantics of prefixed THINK verbs and think in
    Polish
  • Frequencies
  • Coding schema
  • Multifactorial analysis
  • Conclusion

3
GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE NOTIONS
  • (Inter)subjectivity and objectivity relate to
    conceptualization and perspectivization
  • They are not coextensive with our potential folk
    understanding of the terms
  • The concept of subject is a focal point

4
SUBJECTIVITY AND OBJECTIVITY
  • Subjectivity issues from subjectification and
    characterizes objects/elements of the objective
    situation
  • Elements of an objective situation are
    subjectified if they are relegated to the
    background, rather than put onstage
  • Subjectivity is thus one of the results of the
    perspective the speaker selects to construe a
    given situation, and subjectification can be seen
    as semantic bleaching (Langacker 2006)

5
EXPLANATION
  • Subjective construal necessitates that a given
    element be offstage
  • Objective construal requires that it be onstage
  • The object of conception, either a thing or a
    relation, resides in the immediate scope
  • The subject of conception can construe the
    object, being (a) offstage (b) within overall,
    but not immediate scope (c) onstage

6
EXEMPLIFICATION
  • be going to
  • (1) He is going to meet his friends.
  • (2) It is going to rain.
  • Possessive have
  • (1) I have a new flat.
  • (2) The flat has three rooms.
  • (cf. Langacker 2006)

7
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
  • Intersubjective expressions are decoder-oriented
    as they are the overt realization of the
    encoders sensitivity to the decoders
    subjectivity.
  • (Traugott 20052)

8
PERFORMATIVE USES OF EPISTEMIC EXPRESSIONS
  • at 'utterance time' the speaker subscribes to
    and accepts responsibility for the epistemic
    evaluation underlying it.
  • (1) It is probable that John made it to the
    bakery before closing time.
  • (2) I think John made it to the bakery before
    closing time.
  • (Nuyts 2001 384f.)

9
DESCRIPTIVE USES OF EPISTEMIC EXPRESSIONS
  • the speaker reports on someone else's epistemic
    evaluation of a state of affairs without there
    being any explicit indication as to whether the
    speaker personally subscribes (i.e., is
    committed) to the veracity of the evaluation or
    not.
  • (3) Mary thinks that John made it to the bakery.
  • (4) Mary considers it probable that John made it
    to the bakery.
  • (Nuyts 2001 384f.)

10
Prefix semantics
  • do indicates an approximation to a goal or
    result some effort reaching the goal may
    involve encountering certain difficulties along
    the way, where the trajector (TR) makes every
    effort to achieve the goal despite any obstacles
  • na indicates an intensity of an action
    expresses a cumulative process
  • ob the image schema involved here refers to a
    circular motion of TR around LM
  • po forms delimitative verbs to indicate (i) a
    short duration of an action (ii) a limited
    nature of an action does not involve the
    attainment of any obvious goal (atelic)
  • prze may depict a three dimensional and bounded
    LM, such as a tunnel in which the TR moves from
    one end to the other, where the TR gradually
    fills the whole volume of the landmark
    (Pasich-Piasecka 1993 19)

11
Prefix semantics
  • roz in its basic image schema represents the TR
    and landmark LM constituting one entity before a
    change and taking different forms afterwards.
    Thus, the comparison of the two states of the
    entity before and after the change profiles
    different senses of roz-.
  • wy construal of the TRs emergence from the LM,
    or its coming into existence by leaving the
    bounded region of the LM the container image
    schema evoked
  • za can represent a construal of excess with
    intransitive perfective verbs, being extended
    from the sense of going beyond a boundary
  • (Dickey 2006, 2009, p.c. Przybylska 2001, 2006
    Piernikarski 1975 Smiech 1986 Tabakowska 2003)

12
Semantics of myslec think
  • myslec one of mental verbs representing what
    originates in the subjects mind, the internal
    reality (Shinzato 2004 862)
  • internalized (and abbreviated) speech, which is
    thus tantamount to self-awareness (Fortesque
    200117f.)
  • This private, internal activity can be further
    specified into at least three kinds of processes
  • evaluating someone or something,
  • believing in the truth of a proposition
  • mulling over some mental content (Fortesque
    200130)
  • THINK treated as one of semantic primes
    (Wierzbicka 1996)

13
The meaning of prefixed forms of myslec
  • domysli/ac sie focus on the end point and
    result intensive-resultative verb (Dickey 2009)
  • namysli/ac sie focus on cumulative nature
    process, and goal attainement
  • obmysli/ac the mental process has a circular
    nature, which means that the object of thinking
    is considered from many different perspectives
  • pomyslec beginning of an action but no end or
    result, focus on process A prefix overlaps with
    the meaning of a source verb enough to produce a
    compound verb whose meaning is identical to that
    of the impf source verb save for aspect (Dickey
    2006 12)

14
The meaning of prefixed forms of myslec
  • przemyslec/iwac implies the in-depth nature of
    the mental activity may point at its
    completeness and duration
  • rozmyslac - the activity is represented both in
    the basic and the prefixed form of the verb the
    difference may lie in the duration and intensity
    of the activity (Przybylska 2001 271). The same
    observation is made by Dickey (p.c. 14), who
    calls this type of verbs procedural ones, as they
    do not alter the basic lexical meaning of the
    source verb
  • rozmyslic sie an observed change in the
    subjects mental state - between the normal
    process of the mental activity represented by the
    unprefixed form into the changed mental state
    represented by the prefixed one
  • the reflexive pronoun emphasizes the internal
    mental change of the subject, which may also
    bring about a change in the subjects behaviour
    frequently conceived of by observers as a
    negative one (Przybylska 2001 279-280)

15
The meaning of prefixed forms of myslec
  • wymyslic refers to a mental activity as a
    result of which one or more ideas emerge from
    ones mind completeness of the process, which is
    conscious and goal-oriented punctual in nature
  • zamyslic sie an absorbtive verb, as it
    construes a continuous process whose subject, by
    becoming deeply engrossed in the activity, loses
    control over it
  • the mental activity occurs independently of the
    subjects will, some adverse consequences may be
    expected (Dickey p.c.)

16
The Polish PWN Corpus data
  • extracts from 386 books, 977 issues of 185
    newspapers and magazines, 84 recorded
    conversations, 207 websites and several hundred
    promotional leaflets
  • 40 million words demo online version of the
    corpus used 7.5 million words
  • 1000 random hits of myslec coded

17
Verb frequencies PWN Corpus
  • Ja to uzupelnie

18
Coding schema
  • Person V1, V2, V3, VPersNA (e.g. nalezaloby sie
    domyslac one should guess)
  • Mood Conditional, Indicative, Imperative,
    Interrogative
  • Adverbial modifiers
  • currently categories limited to
  • INTENS, MANNER, INSTR, TEMP, FREQ, ADD, CONTR,
    HYPO, LOC

19
STUDY QUESTIONS
  • Correlation between subjective/objective
    construal THINK verbs
  • Correlation between subjective/objective
    construal adverbs used with THINK verbs

20
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
  • Multiple Correspondence Analysis
  • Logistic Regression Analysis

21
MCA 1 VERB PERSON VERB FORM
22
CORPUS EXAMPLES
23
MCA 2 Verb Person Adverb
  • Goal
  • Instrumental

24
EXAMPLES
25
Logistic Regression for Construal
26
EXAMPLES FOR NON-OBJECTIVE CONSTRUALS
27
Conclusion
  • Prevalence of the subjective construal viewing
    with prefixed forms, corresponding with the
    descriptive stance on epistemic verbs
  • Strong correlation between objective construal
    and myslec think in Polish
  • Important correlation between non-objective
    costrual and hypothetical adverbs

28
References
  • Dickey, Stephen M. 2000. Parameters of Slavic
    aspect A cognitive approach. Stanford CSLI.
  • Dickey, Stephen M. 2009. Subjectification and the
    East-West aspect division. (Paper presented at
    the 9th Slavic Cognitive Linguistics Conference,
    16th Oct. 2009.).
  • Dickey, Stephen M. (personal communication).
    Subjectification and the Russian perfective.
  • Glynn, Dylan. 2009. Polysemy, syntax, and
    variation. A usage-based method for Cognitive
    Semantics. In New Directions in Cognitive
    Linguistics, Vyvyan Evans and Stéphanie Pourcel
    (eds.), 77-106. Amsterdam John Benjamins.
  • Glynn, Dylan. 2010 Synonymy, lexical fields, and
    grammatical constructions. A study in usage-based
    Cognitive Semantics. In Cognitive Foundationsof
    Linguistic Usage-Patterns, Hans-Jörg Schmid and
    Susanne Handl (eds.), 89-118. Berlin Mouton de
    Gruyter.
  • Langacker, Ronald. 1991. Concept, image and
    symbol The cognitive basis of grammar. Berlin
    New York Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Langacker, Ronald. 1990 Subjectification. In
    Cognitive Linguistics 1-1, 5-38.
  • Langacker, Ronald. 2006.Subjectification,
    grammaticalization and conceptual archetypes.
    In Subjectification. Various Paths to
    subjectivity. Athanasiadou, Angeliki et al.
    Berlin Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Nuyts, Jan. 2001. Subjectivity as an evidential
    dimension in epistemic modal expressions. In
    Journal of Pragmatics 33 383-400.
  • Pasich-Piasecka, Agnieszka. 1993. Polysemy of
    the Polish verbal prefix prze-, in Elzbieta
    Górska (ed.), Images from the cognitive scene.
    Kraków Universitas.
  • Piernikarski, Cezary. 1975. Czasowniki z
    prefiksem po- w jezyku polskim i czeskim Na tle
    rodzajów akcji w jezykach slowianskich. Verbs
    with the po- prefix in Polish and Czech In the
    background of Aktionsarten in Slavic languages.
    Warszawa PWN.

29
References (cont.)
  • Przybylska, Renata. 2001. Struktura
    schematyczno-wyobrazeniowa prefiksu
    czasownikowego roz- Image-schematic structure
    of the verbal prefix roz- Polonica 21
    269-286.
  • Przybylska, Renata. 2006. Schematy wyobrazeniowe
    a semantyka polskich prefiksów czasownikowych
    do-, od-, prze-, roz-, u-. Image schemata and
    semantics of Polish verb prefixes do-, od-,
    prze-, roz-, u-. Kraków Universitas
  • Shinzato, Rumiko. 2004. Some observations
    concerning mental verbs and speech act verbs,
    Journal of Pragmatics 36 861-882.
  • Smiech, Witold. 1986. Derywacja prefiksalna
    czasowników polskich. Prefix derivation of
    Polish verbs . Wroclaw Ossolineum.
  • Tabakowska, Elzbieta. 2003a. Space and time in
    Polish The preposition za and the verbal prefix
    za-, in Hubert Cuyckens, Thomas Berg, René
    Dirven and Klaus-Uwe Panther (eds.). Motivation
    in language. Amsterdam John Benjamins, 153-177.
  • Tabakowska, Elzbieta. 2003b. The notorious Polish
    reflexive pronouns A plea for Middle Voice.
    Glossos 4. (http//www.seelrc.org/glossos/issues/4
    /tabakowska.pdf) (date of access 9th Nov. 2008)
  • Traugott, Elisabeth. 2005. From ideational to
    interpersonal perspective from
    grammaticalization. Handout of paper presented
    at University of Leuven, Feb. 10th 2005
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