Immediate Cause

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Immediate Cause

• The Powderkeg explodes
• Sarejevo, June 28, 1914-Assassination of Archduke
  Francis Ferdinand (Heir to Austrian Throne)
• Killed by Gavrilo Princip
• Member of Serbian Nationalist group The Black
  Hand
• Opposed Austrian rule

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Before...
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After...
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Militarism

• Keeping armed forces prepared for war.
• Belligerent (War-like attitude)
• Arms race among European powers
• Ex. Fiercest rivalry between Germany Britain

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Alliances

• Military or economic friendship between countries
  (Ex.Treaties)
• Pre-War
• Triple Alliance
• Triple Entente
• During War
• Central Powers
• Allied Powers

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Pre- War Alliances
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Pre- War Alliances
Triple Alliance Triple Entente
Germany Britain
Austria-Hungary France
Italy Russia
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Imperialism

• competition among Europeans for colonies in
  Africa Asia

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Nationalism

• Pride in ones country or desire for independence
• Balkans
• Ethnic Strife
• Powder Keg
• Germany
• Proud of growing military industrial strength

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The ethnic distribution of Austria-Hungary
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Nationalism

• France
• Wanted Revenge for losing
  Alsace Lorraine
• Russia
• Pan-Slavism- wanted to unite all Slavic Peoples
  (Ex. Balkans)
• Austria
• Against all Slavic nationalism

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A Chain Reaction

• Alliance System Kicks in
• Germany offers Aust. Carte Blanche
• Austrians issue Serbia ultimatum
• Austria - Hungary Declares War on Serbia
• Russia Mobilizes its forces
• Germany declares war on Russia
• Germany declares War on France

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• Germany invades Neutral Belgium to gain access to
  France
• In response Britain declares war on Germany

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War Is Declared!!! 1914
The Lamps are going out all over Europe. We
Shall not see them lit again in our lifetime Sir
Edward Grey
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The Belligerants
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Wartime Alliances
Central Powers Allied Powers
Germany Britain
Austria-Hungary France
Ottoman Empire U.S. (1917)
Bulgaria Italy
China Japan
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Schlieffen Plan

• German military plan _at_ outset of war
• Rapidly defeat France than attack
  Russia
• German army stalls outside Paris
  (Marne)
• Plan failed
• Forced to fight a two front
  war

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Germany's two front war
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A Two Front War
Western
Eastern
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Western European Battles

• Marne River- Germans stopped _at_ outskirts
  of Paris ending Schlieffen Plan
• Verdun German offensive failed
• Somme River- Allied Offensive
  failed
• Millions of soldiers killed for no gain

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Western Front

• Located on the French and German border
• French and British Vs. German and Italian
  forces
• Schleifan Plan Fails
• Trench Warfare
• Stalemate- Battle lines remained unchanged

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Battle of the Marne
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Trench Warfare

• opposing armies fight each other from dug in
  trenches
• No Mans Land in middle
• Horrible conditions
• Trench foot
• Shellshock

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Trenchfoot
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Over the top into
"No Mans Land"
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Shellshock
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Field Punishment 1
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New Technology

• Advances in weaponry More death destruction
  than ever before (8.5 mill. Killed)

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Submarine Warfare
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War in the Air
Zeppelins
Airplanes
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The Red Baron
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Early Air Warfare
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Tanks
French tank
Original British tank
U.S.
German tank
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Heavy Artillery
Long Range Cannons
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Poison Gas
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Machine Guns
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Flamethrowers
Grenade launcher
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British Naval Blockade
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A Global Conflict

• Fought on 3 continents
• Over 30 countries involved
• Two oceans

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Eastern Front

• Located along the German and Russian border
• Russian and Serbians Vs. Germans, Austrians, and
  Turks
• More mobile than western Front

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The Middle East

• British help Arab nationalists rise up against
  Turks
• Lawrence of Arabia leads guerilla raids
• Allies gain control of Baghdad,Jerusalem, Damascus

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Gallipoli Campaign 1915

• Allied plan to attack Ottoman Empire
• Hoped to take control of Dardanelles
• Wanted to establish supply lines to Russia
• Plan failed

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• Balfour Declaration
• British support a Jewish national homeland in
  Palestine
• Troubles still exist today

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Africa Asia

• Japanese gain control of German possessions in
  China the Pacific
• England France seize German possessions in
  Africa
• British French colonies support allied war
  efforts

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War _at_ Sea

• Britain imposes Naval Blockade of Germany
• German U- Boats attacked Allied ships
• Both nations experienced severe food shortages

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Food Shortages in Germany
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• Taxes were raised monies borrowed to finance
  the war
• War Bonds
• Government drafted men to fight
• Woman more involved in the workforce
• Contributions helped them in gaining right to
  vote after the war

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• Rationing
• Limited the amount of goods people could buy
• Ex. Butter, leather, etc. were needed for the war
  effort
• Victory Gardens
• Censorship
• Govt. controlled info about the war

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Major Turning Points of the War

1. 1917 U.S. Enters War
2. 1918 Russia withdraws from War

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U.S. as Neutral Power

• Proclaimed neutrality _at_ outset of hostilities
• Public opinion divided over loyalties (Central
  vs. allies?)
• U.S. traded lent money to both sides
• Wilson reelected under sloganHe Kept us out of
  the war

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Reasons for US Involvement

• German policy of unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Ex. Lusitania- American lives lost
• Zimmerman telegram
• U.S. public outraged
• Wilson declares war

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Lusitania as propaganda
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Russia Withdraws

• Not industrialized (lack of supplies)
• Only strength is s
• Lack of leadership/morale
• Civil unrest _at_ home
• Shortages, death toll, riots

• Russian Revolution of 1917

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• Lenin promises Peace, Bread, Land
• Signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
• Separate peace with Central Powers
• Russia leaves war
• Harsh(Russia loses enormous amounts of land)

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End of the War

• U.S. Troops help allies defeat exhauster German
  army _at_ the 2nd Battle of the Marne
• Allies push towards Germany
• Kaiser Wilhelm forced to abdicate
• New German government (Weimer Republic) signs
  armistice

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Th 11th month, on the 11th day, at the 11th
hour...

• Nov. 11,1918 _at_ 11 am the armistice is signed

• Veterans day is Nov. 11

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Results of WWI

• 8.5 million killed/17 million wounded
• Mass destruction/famine
• Huge War debts/reparations
• New technology introduced
• U.S. becomes creditor nation
• End of major empires-A/Hungary, Germany, Russia,
  OttomanTurks
• Treaty of Versailles WWII

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The Paris Peace Conference 1919

• Held _at_ The Palace of Versailles, France
• Decisions made by major Allied
  powers
• Germany its allies not represented but had to
  abide by decisions
• Russia not represented
• In the midst of Civil War

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The Big Four

• Representatives of the 4 major allied powers

U.S.- Woodrow Wilson Great Britain- David Lloyd
George France- Georges Clemenceau Italy- Vittorio
Orlando Each came w/ their own agenda
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• British French Representatives wanted to punish
  Germany
• Strip Germany of War making powers
• Pay for suffering caused by war
• Wilson wanted Peace without Victory based on
  his 14 points

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The Fourteen Points

• Plan for achieving a just lasting peace
• End to secret treaties
• Freedom of Seas
• Free trade
• Reduced militaries
• Self determination for new nations

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• A League of Nations (14th Point)
• Organization of Nations that would solve world
  conflicts through diplomacy
• Similar to the United Nations today

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Major Provisions of Treaty

• League of Nations formed
• Germany Russia originally excluded
• Territorial losses for Germany
• Alsace Lorraine
• French border extended to Rhine
• All overseas colonies

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• Military Restrictions
• Limited size of German Army
• Prohibited manufacturing or purchase of War
  Materials
• Forbid submarines air Force
• Rhineland becomes de-militarized zone

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• War Guilt Clause
• Harshest provision
• Sole responsibility for war placed on Germany
• Germany forced to pay allies 33 billion in
  reparations
• Germans were horrified by treaty

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Treaties W/ other Central Powers

• Austro Hungarian Empire carved into
• Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
• Ottoman lands became Mandates
• Territories administered by a Western Power
• Palestine, Iraq, Transjordan,etc.

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"Treaty built on Quicksand"

• U.S. rejected Treaty League of Nations
• Mandates in Africa Asia upset about not gaining
  independence
• Italy Japan hoped to gain more territory
• Treaty left bitterness hatred in hearts of
  Germans
• Would set the stage for WWII

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League of Nations Mandates
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Results of WWI

• 8.5 million killed/17 million wounded
• Mass destruction/famine
• Huge War debts/reparations
• New technology introduced
• U.S. becomes creditor nation
• End of major empires-A/Hungary, Germany, Russia,
  OttomanTurks
• Treaty of Versailles WWII