Assessing Governance:

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Assessing Governance The Public Integrity Index
and Transparency International Corruption
Perception Index Compared OXFORD 17 January
2005 www.publicintegrity.org/ga
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From Awareness to Action

1. Introducing the Global Integrity Report as a new
   way of looking at corruption issues
2. Comparing the Corruption Perceptions Index and
   Public Integrity Index
3. Reactions and Reflections

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Global Integrity Report

• An investigative report tracking corruption,
  openness and accountability in 25 countries
• Released 29 April 2004, National Press Club,
• Washington DC

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Global Integrity Countries 2004
25 COUNTRIES Argentina, Australia, Brazil,
Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Indonesia,
Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Namibia, Nicaragua,
Nigeria, Panama, the Philippines, Portugal,
Russia, South Africa, Turkey, United States,
Ukraine, Venezuela, Zimbabwe
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Global Integrity Approach

• A new way looking at the corruption issue
• Blends social science research (de jure) and
  investigative journalism (de facto)
• Integrates qualitative and quantitative research
• Independent, transparent and accessible
• Learning and responsive
• Web-based

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Limits of the Methodology

• National governance framework
• Public sector focus
• Institutional focus
• Score formats

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The Global Integrity ReportComponents

• 25 Country Reports
• Country Facts
• Corruption Timeline
• Corruption Notebook
• Integrity Assessment
• Integrity Scorecard
• Public Integrity Index
• Generated by data collected in-country on the
  Integrity Indicators

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The Global Access Team

• Washington
• Management
• Methodology Advisory Committee (MAC)
• Research
• Contracting
• Editing and Translation
• Data generation and analysis
• Web-design
• Fact-checking
• Libel review
• In the Field
• Lead social scientist (25)
• Investigative journalist (25)
• Peer review panels (100)

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What the Public Integrity Index Measures

• Existence of institutional mechanisms that
  prevent abuses of power (i.e. corruption)
• Effectiveness of these anti-corruption mechanisms
  that promote public integrity
• Citizen access to public information to hold
  public officials accountable

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Constructing the Public Integrity Index 6
Governance Categories
IV. Administration and Civil Service Civil
Service Regulations Whistle-Blowing Measures
Procurement Privatization V. Oversight and
Regulatory Mechanisms National Ombudsman Supreme
Audit Institution Taxes and Customs Financial
Sector Regulation VI. Anti-Corruption Mechanisms
and Rule of Law Anti-Corruption Law
Anti-Corruption Agency Anti-Corruption Agency
Rule of Law and Access to Justice Law
Enforcement
I. Civil Society, Public Information and
Media Civil Society Organizations Access to
Information Freedom of the Media II. Electoral
and Political Processes National Elections
Election Monitoring Agency Political Party
Finances III. Branches of Government Executive
Legislature Judiciary
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Constructing the Public Integrity Index
Indicators and Scoring Formats

• 80 Integrity Indicators
• 212 sub-indicators
• In law vs. In practice

• Scoring Formats

Yes/No Format Yes/No Format
Yes 100
No 0
Time Format Time Format
lt1 month 100
lt3 months 75
lt6 months 50
lt12 months 25
gt12 months/ Not applicable 0
Always/Never Format Always/Never Format
Almost always 100
Often 75
Sometimes 50
Rarely 25
Almost never/ Not applicable 0
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Constructing the Public Integrity Index Scoring
Tiers

• Scoring Tiers
• Very Strong (90-100)
• Strong (80-90)
• Moderate (70-80)
• Weak (60-70)
• Very Weak (below 60)

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Category 2 Electoral Political Processes
Scoring tiers Very Strong (90-100) Strong
(80-90) Moderate (70-80) Weak (60-70) Very Weak
(below 60)
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Integrity ScorecardSouth Africa

• Overall, South Africa ranks 6th out of 25
  countries on the Public Integrity Index.

• Very strong tier Category 5
• Strong tier Categories 1, 3, and 6
• Weak tier Categories 2 and 4

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PROS OF PII

• Generality
• De Jure / De Facto coverage
• Public Access to scores
• Quantitative/Qualitative blend
• Multiple checks on subjective scoring
• Variation among democracies
• independent academic

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Cons to PII

• Few countries
• One time point
• Generality
• Redundancy with other sources
• E.g., suffrage, womens participation
• independent academic

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SUBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT

• Potential for Bias
• Rating process occurs in three steps
• Obtaining information
• Processing information
• Translation into rating
• Problems can occur at each step
• PII has mitigated many problems
• independent academic

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Scatter Plot of the PII (x) and the CPI 2003
(y). N25, r.686.
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Seven Failings of the Corruption Perceptions
Index (Galtung)

• Only punishing the takers, not the givers
• Irregular and uncontrolled country coverage
• Biased sample more than 90 of the world is
  missing
• Imprecise and sometimes ignorant sources
• Far too narrow and imprecise definition of
  corruption
• Does not measure trends Cannot reward genuine
  reformers
• Guilty by association aid conditionality
• The CPI, in other words, has become a stick
  without a carrot. It is all but impossible to
  improve their scores in the CPI through
  government reforms and sustained anti-corruption
  efforts.
• The challenge ahead is evident after ten years
  it is time to find new measurements.

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Main Findings of the Public Integrity Index

• In 18 of the countries, there are no laws to
  protect civil servants who report
  corruptionwhistle-blowersfrom recrimination or
  other negative consequences.
• In 15 of the countries, journalists investigating
  corruption had been imprisoned, physically harmed
  or killed.
• In three countries, Guatemala, Mexico and
  Zimbabwe, both journalists and judges have been
  physically harmed in the past year.

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Main Findings of the Public Integrity Index

• In 14 of the countries, the head of state cannot
  be prosecuted for corruption.
• In 7 of the countries, the top executive branch
  official is not required to file a personal
  financial disclosure form, preventing the public
  from seeing what private interests its leader
  has.
• In 6 countries, the ruling party controls
  two-thirds or more of the seats in the national
  legislature, reducing the opposition parties'
  ability to enhance government accountability.

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Main Findings of the Public Integrity Index

• Political party finances are secret in 10 of 25
  countries, the Global Integrity Report found.
• 14 countries allow unlimited contributions to
  parties by corporations
• 17 countries have no laws restricting how much
  parties can spend to influence elections
• In 15 countries that did have legal oversight of
  party finances, the responsible agency rarely or
  almost never launched independent investigations.
  In 13 countries, the agency rarely or almost
  never imposed a penalty on those who broke
  campaign finance laws.