Title: Towards the Non-Traditional Security: Poverty and Human Security
1Towards the Non-Traditional SecurityPoverty and
Human Security
- Wenefrida D. Widyanti
- The SMERU Research Institute
- Jakarta Indonesia
- www.smeru.or.id
- Presented at the Non-Traditional Security Course
for Indonesian Police Lecturers Doctors and NGO
Leaders, Consortium of Non-Traditional Security
Studies in Asia, RSIS - NTU, Singapore, 22-24
August 2007.
2Poverty Concept Measurement - Strategy
3Overview Poverty
- Defining and measuring poverty is difficult
because poverty is a complex issue, but it is
essential for designing and implementing poverty
programs. - Good and reliable definition and measurement of
poverty helps the formulation and testing of
hypotheses on the causes of poverty. - Good and reliable definition and measurement will
also enables government, international community,
and any other stakeholders to set itself
measurable targets for judging actions.
4Concepts (1)
- The World Development Report 1990 of the World
Bank focused on the issue of poverty. The World
Development Report 2000/2001 Attacking Poverty,
once again focused on poverty, on the series of
Voices of the Poor reports. - Poverty is a situation in which a decent standard
of living is not achieved ? inadequate food,
inadequate housing and clothing, inability to
access medical treatment when sick, and low
access to education. - Poverty has three dimensions lack of income and
assets, voiceless and powerlessness, and
vulnerability. - Attacking poverty requires expanding
opportunities, promoting empowerment, and
enhancing security ? security is interconnected
with the concept of vulnerability.
5Concepts (2)
- United Nations (1997 Report on the World Social
Situation) - Poverty is a condition related to the inability
to fulfill basic needs ? nutritional deficiency,
illiteracy, bad health, improper housing and
clothing, etc. - JICAs definition of poverty
- A condition in which people deprived of
opportunities to develop capabilities (political,
social, economic, human, and protective) required
to lead a basic human life and are excluded from
society and development processes.
6Concepts (3)
- Poverty is a multidimensional concept. It may
include the economic, social, political, physical
conditions and psychological aspects of human
being. - Poverty is routinely defined as lack of what is
necessary for material well-being -especially
food, housing, land and other assets. Later
definitions also reveal other aspects of poverty,
such as lack of voice, power, and independence. - The poor rarely speak about income, but they do
speak about assets that are important to sustain
their daily activities. These assets include a
broad range of tangible and potential resources,
both material and social, such as - physical capital (land material belongings),
- human capital (health, education, training and
labor power), - social capital (social networks),
- environmental assets (grass, trees, water, and
non-timber products).
7Concepts (4)
From Consultations with the Poor From Consultations with the Poor
First Housing conditions Education/Schooling Types of occupation Food security Second Land ownership Income Access to medical treatment Sanitation housing Ownership of basic durable goods Clothing Others Ownership of other durable goods Housing ownership Lack of basic necessities Family size Livestock ownership Social relations Children working Ability to work Level of education Health conditions Debt/borrowings Household conditions
Sources Participatory Poverty Assessment Consolidation Work. SMERU 2004 Sources Participatory Poverty Assessment Consolidation Work. SMERU 2004
8Concepts (5)
9Who are the poor? (1)
- Low quality of housing
- Unhealthy housing (limited space, no specific
room functioning).
10Who are the poor? (2)
Lack of access to safe water
Lack of access to sanitation
11Who are the poor? (3)
- Living in unhealthy environment that will affect
the quality of living
12Why are they poor? (1)
- The root causes of poverty an example from one
of regression analysis - At the household level (using household survey
data), poverty is related to, among others - Low education
- Female headed household
- Unemployment
- Working in agricultural sector
- No access to safe drinking water
- No access to electricity
13Why are they poor? (2)
The root causes of poverty an example from the
PPA results
From Consultations with the Poor Rural-Urban From Consultations with the Poor Rural-Urban
Rural Urban
Powerlessness Causes Gods will/divine decree lack of employment opportunities low prices of agriculture produce Exclusion Causes lack of education lack of skills lack of transportation infrastructure Material poverty Causes lack of capital landlessness low level of income Vulnerability Causes production/harvest failures employment uncertainty natural disasters Attitudes Causes lack of achievement Powerlessness Causes lack of employment opportunities high cost of living Gods will Exclusion Causes lack of education lack of skills Material poverty Causes lack of capital low level of income extended family Vulnerability Causes Layoffs/business closure employment uncertainty Attitudes Causes lack of achievement
Sources Participatory Poverty Assessment Consolidation Work. SMERU 2004 Sources Participatory Poverty Assessment Consolidation Work. SMERU 2004
14Where are the poor?
- Geographical dimensions of poverty
- Where do the poor live (pockets of poverty)?
Especially relevant under regional autonomy ?
poverty map is one of the tools.
15Higher resolution poverty maps
16Small area poverty maps ? going down to village
level
17Example Poverty distribution in Jakarta
18Furthermore, how can we identify the poor?
- Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS) is one
of the tools. - It can identify local-specific poverty
conditions. - Village (or other geographical administrative
unit) specific poverty criteria is determined
after data collection using Principal Components
Analysis (PCA). - The poverty criteria can be used to identify
relatively poor families that require
government assistance (targeting purpose). - Since the criteria are generated by the data
itself, they are not known prior to data
collection (difficult to be tampered). - Provide results of rank welfare level of every
family in a location (NOT to calculate poverty
rate). - CBMS data also permits calculation of other
welfare indicators, including monitoring of MDGs
at local level.
19CBMS and Localized MDG Monitoring
Example Selected education and health indicators
as proxy for MDGs achievements, at hamlet level,
from a CBMS village.
20Measuring poverty (1)
- Poverty is multidimensional
- Income/consumption
- Health conditions
- Educational attainment
- Housing, sanitation, and clothing
- Social political participation
- Other dimensions
- Some approaches to measure poverty
- Money-metric utility (income or consumption
poverty, e.g. World Bank 1 or 2 PPP per day),
is still the most widely used single measure of
poverty. - Composite index, built from chosen
aspects/determinants of poverty (economics,
health, education, social, political, etc). Human
Development Index (HDI) of the UNDP is an
example. PCA (Principle Component Analysis) and
MCA (Multivariate Correspondence Analysis) are
some ways/methods to assign non-arbitrary weight
of variables for the composite index.
21Measuring poverty (2)
- The multidimensionality of poverty has to be
taken into account in its measuring - what dimensions should be included?
- how should each dimension be measured?
- how to define poverty?
- all dimensions
- any dimension
- indexation
- utility function
- Qualitative and quantitative poverty analysis are
complements, not substitutes. - The most important contributions of qualitative
analysis (such as Poverty Participatory
Assessment/PPA) are in providing causality (what
causes what) and in verifying findings made from
quantitative analysis.
22Measuring poverty (3)
- Measuring one-dimensional poverty
income/expenditure poverty - Distribution of household income or expenditure
(Data from household survey, e.g. National
Socio-economic Survey/Susenas) - Poverty line (Food poverty line Non-food
poverty line) - Reference group
- Measuring multidimensional poverty
- Examples Men of Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, 1999
A rich man has (among other things), 10-50
livestock and 2-3 wives a middle-class man has
5-10 livestock and up to 2 wives whereas a
poor man has only 1-5 pigs and sometimes not
even 1 wife (because he can not afford the bride
price) (Indonesia Consultations with the Poor.
World Bank, 1999).
23Multidimensional poverty measures
Source Susenas 2004
24Poverty comparison Consumption based poverty
- Across areas
- Over time ? to measure progress, need a
consistent standard
Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007 Poverty Line, Percentage, and Number of Poor People in Indonesia, 1996-2007
Year Poverty Line (Rp/capita/month) Poverty Line (Rp/capita/month) of poor people of poor people of poor people Number of poor people (million people) Number of poor people (million people) Number of poor people (million people)
Year Urban Rural Urban Rural U R Urban Rural U R
1996 42 032 31 366 13.39 19.78 17.47 9,42 24,59 34,01
1999 92 409 74 272 19.41 26.03 23.43 15,64 32,33 47,97
2000 1 91 632 73 648 14.60 22.38 19.14 12,30 26,40 38,70
2001 2 100 011 80 382 9.76 24.84 18.41 8,60 29,30 37,90
2002 3 130 499 96 512 14.46 21.10 18.20 13,30 25,10 38,40
2003 138 803 105 888 13.57 20.23 17.42 12,20 25,10 37,30
2004 143 455 108 725 12.13 20.11 16.66 11,30 24,80 36,10
2005 4 150 799 117 259 11.68 19.98 15.97 12,40 22,70 35,10
2006 2,5 174 290 130 584 13.47 21.81 17.75 14,49 24,81 39,30
2007 6 187 942 146 837 12.52 20.37 16.58 13,56 23,61 37,17
Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007. Source BPS Note 1 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam dan Maluku. 2 Estimation result including Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. 3 Including estimation for 4 provinces (Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Maluku, Maluku Utara, and Papua), in which the Susenas Consumption Module 2002 was not held. 4 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), February 2005, 5 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 households), March 2006. 6 Susenas Consumption Module for panel households (10,000 out of 68,000 households), March 2007.
25HDI across Asian countries
- The Human Development Index (HDI) measures the
average achievements in a country in three basic
dimensions of human development a long and
healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of
living. - Comparison across countries
- Over time ? to measure progress, need a
consistent standard
26Inequality is another problem related to poverty
(1)
27Inequality is another problem related to poverty
(2)
28Inequality is another problem related to poverty
(3)
29Risks and Vulnerability (1)
- Risks may affect individuals differently (Amartya
Sen entitlements differ for each person). - Vulnerable is a situation with a substantial
downturn in the well-being of people or
substantial threatening of their daily lives
because of their inability or lack to deal with
risks when they face threats. - The vulnerable are those who cannot cope with
risks, they are deprived of entitlements and fall
into destitution. Therefore, priority should be
given to ensure human security for those who are
the most vulnerable. - Individuals who are vulnerable to poverty include
those with insufficient income assets, the
socially excluded, and the socially disadvantaged
such as the elderly, women, children, and
disabled. Vulnerable people are also defined as
those who are unable to cope with risks by
themselves.
30Risks and Vulnerability (2)
- Vulnerability can be defined as a function of the
magnitude of risks and the ability to cope with
risks. Vulnerability also means the probability
of being exposed to a number of risks. - Identification of risk vulnerability factors
accurately and integrating those analyses into
poverty analysis are important. - Moreover, it is important to reduce the risks
faced by the poor, so that they can cope with
vulnerability.
31Who are the most vulnerable?
Elderly
Women children
32Economic crisis, poverty, and its consequences
- The severe economic downturns in Asia due to the
crisis in the late of 1990s created a pervasive
sense of insecurity with a wide range of
political, economic, social, and cultural
dimensions. - Increasing poverty as a result of the fall of
real incomes which led to food shortages,
malnutrition, declining health and education,
intensifying crimes, and lack of confidence in
existing political systems has gone beyond the
states capacity to resolve through the use of
traditional security instruments. - The economic crisis also hit public and private
corporations, which then led to a pervasive
unemployment due to the lay-off and bankruptcy.
As a result people faced a serious decline in
real income. - The poor population who are already losing their
purchasing power have become more exposed to
extreme poverty, malnutrition, and serious
illnesses.
33The dynamics of poverty
- The poor people are vulnerable, also those who
are near poor. Therefore, poverty is dynamics.
Poverty (in this term, is the consumption based)
can be categorized into chronic poverty and
transient poverty.
Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people) Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people) Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people) Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people) Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people) Transition Matrix of Poverty Status, March 2006-March 2007 (million people)
March 2006 March 2007 March 2007 March 2007 March 2007 March 2007
March 2006 Poor Nearly poor Nearly non-poor Non-poor Total
Poor 18.6 8.1 5.8 6.8 39.3
Nearly poor 6.6 5.6 5.8 10.1 28.0
Nearly non-poor 4.6 4.0 6.5 14.1 29.3
Non-poor 7.4 9.0 14.8 96.5 127.6
Total 37.2 26.7 33.0 127.4 224.2
Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007 Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007 Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007 Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007 Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007 Note Poor lt Poverty Line (PL) Nearly poor 1.00 - 1.25 PL Nearly non-poor 1.25 - 1.50 PL Non-poor gt 1,5 PL Source BPS, 2007
34Overview Security (1)
- Security concept has become increasingly expanded
in the past few years - Richard Ullman
- extend the security concept to include a wide
range of issues from natural disasters diseases
to environmental degradation. - Buzan et.al.
- in conceptual term, securitization can be
perceived as the classification of and consensus
about a non-traditional framework of
understanding of security concept that moves
beyond the state and beyond military threats. - The Copenhagen School
- proposed five extended of security military,
environmental, economic, societal, and political
security (traditional non-traditional).
35Overview Security (2)
- Security concept has become increasingly expanded
in the past few years - Robert McNamara
- began to recognize that environmental degradation
natural disasters (e.g. epidemics, floods,
earthquakes, and drought) are important threats
to security as much as human-made military
disasters ? The security studies have then
shifting from traditional to non-traditional
approach such as non-military threats. - The Consortium of Non-Traditional Security
Studies in Asia (NTS-Asia) - promote a focus on the security of individuals,
societies and groups, and to encompass the
chronic and complex insecurities confronting
Asia. The concerns of the growing trends in the
region to all non-military threats
(non-traditional security threats) such as
environmental degradation, infectious diseases,
and illegal migration.
36Matrix of security studies
What is the source of the security threat? What is the source of the security threat?
Military Military, Non-military, or Both
States National security Redefined security
Security for whom? (Conventional realist approach to security studies) (e.g. environmental and economic cooperative or comprehensive security)
Societies, groups, and individuals Intrastate security Human security
Societies, groups, and individuals (e.g. civil war, ethnic conflict, and democide) (e.g. environmental and economic threats to survival of societies, groups, and individuals)
37Concept of human security
- The particular phrase of human security is most
associated with the UNDP 1994 Human Development
Report on Human Security. - The definition in the report was rather
ambitious. Human security was defined as the
summation of seven distinct dimensions of
security, which include - Economic security (unemployment, insecure jobs,
inequalities, poverty, homelessness) - Food security (inadequacies in terms of food
availabilities and food entitlements) - Health security (infectious and parasitic
disease, new viruses, respiratory infections) - Environmental security (degradation of air,
water, soil, and forests) - Personal security (discrimination, exploitation,
crimes, terrorism) - Community security (ethnic communal conflicts)
- Political security (violation of human rights).
38Core of the human security concept
- According to Amartya Sen the following distinct
elements lie at the core of the human security
concept - A clear focus on individual human lives
- An appreciation of the role of society and social
arrangements in making human lives more secure in
a constructive way - A reasoned concentration on the downside risks to
human lives - A choice to focus on the downside emphasizing
the more basic human rights.
39Rethinking human security
- GARY KING CHISTOPHER J.L. MURRAY
- Many attempts to ensure the territorial
security of nation-states through military power
have failed to improve their total human
condition. In response, the international
community has moved to combine economic
development with military security and other
basic human rights to form a new concept of
human security. Unfortunately, by common assent
the concept lacks either a clear definition or
any agreed upon measure of it. - (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 116(4),
2001-02)
40Characteristics of human security
- Four essential characteristics of human security
- Universal concern
- It is relevant to people everywhere, in rich
nations and poor. - Interdependence
- The components of human security are
interdependent. - Prevention
- Human security is easier to ensure through early
prevention than later intervention. - People-centeredness
- It is concerned with how people live in a
society, how freely they exercise their choices,
how much access they have to market and social
opportunities, and whether they live in conflict
or in peace.
41Incorporating concepts of human security in the
official foreign policies
- Canada defines human security as safety for
people from both violent and non-violent
threats, a more conservative and narrower focus
than the UNDP version. - Japan their definition of human security is more
inclusive than Canadas. Human security
comprehensively covers all the menaces that
threaten human survival, daily life, and dignity
(e.g. environmental degradation, violations of
human rights, transnational organized crime,
illicit drugs, refugees, poverty, anti-personnel
landmines and other infectious diseases). - Norway focuses on the freedom from fear aspects
of human security and identifies a core agenda of
preventive action, small arms and light weapons
control, and peace operation, which its emphasis
on protecting individual. They thus founded the
Human Security Network (13 countries) and have
mobilized around practical responses to humans
security threats.
42Case JICAs principles to implement human
security
- Seven principles to integrate the concept of
human security into its activities - Reaching those in need through a human-centered
approach - Empowering people as well as protecting them
- Focusing on the most vulnerable people, whose
survival, livelihood, and dignity at risk - Comprehensively addressing both freedom from
want and freedom from fear - Responding to peoples needs by assessing and
addressing threats through flexible and
intersectoral approaches - Working with both governments local communities
to realize sustainable development - Strengthening partnership with various actors to
achieve higher impact from assistance.
43Human security and risks
- Relationship between downside risks and poverty
- Human security deliberately focuses on downside
risks and takes into account a variety of
elements that inhibit human development. - The idea of security contains two key elements
- An orientation to future risks
- A focus on risks of falling below some critical
threshold of deprivation. - People suffering from deprivation (the chronic
poor) are always exposed to the risks of poverty. - In order to protect peoples lives from threats
and risks, it is important to combine the two
approaches - Efforts to empower people
- Protection by governments and the international
community.
44Types of threats that damage human security
Type of Risks Type of Risks
Extraordinary Major Threats (External Shocks) Threats Embedded in Daily Life
Violent conflict Endemic disease/illness
Pandemic disease Accident/injury
Natural disaster Daily violence
Economic shock Social exclusion
Extensive environmental damage Unhealthy living conditions
Old age
Crop failure due to bad weather
- Risk probability of degradation/ aggravation in
the future well-being of people caused by various
threats.
45The perspective of human security and poverty
- The human security framework analyzes poverty by
focusing on the risks and vulnerabilities faced
by an individual. It is, therefore, important to
identify risk and vulnerability factors
accurately. - Human security emphasizes two important aspects
of poverty reduction - First, it addresses the significance of risk
management by focusing on factors that inhibit
development and aggravate poverty, as well as
risks towards human insecurity and vulnerability.
The chronic poor are most seriously affected by
risks. Therefore, it is necessary to
prevent/mitigate risks or enhance their capacity
to deal with risks. - Second, human security stresses the individuality
of people and communities. This concept
emphasizes individual features of fear and want
in term of region, class, age, and gender.
46Human security and poverty reduction
- The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) was
adopted at the joint meeting of the IMF and the
World Bank in 1999. This was followed by the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000.
Poverty reduction is the most important issue,
which can be seen from the goals - Eradicating extreme poverty hunger
- Achieving universal primary education
- Promoting gender equality and empowering women
- Reducing child mortality
- Improving maternal health
- Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
- Ensuring environmental sustainability
- Developing a global partnership for development.
47Integrating the human security perspective into a
poverty reduction strategy/program
- A poverty reduction strategy based on a human
security perspective should include three
dimensions of risk managements - Preventative mitigating measures against risks
(to avoid disaster/risk) - Protecting or coping measures when human security
is threatened by increases risks (to cope with
disaster/risk), and - Promoting measures to enhance social
opportunities or human capabilities of the poor
to fight chronic poverty over the medium and long
term (to enhance human capabilities/social
opportunity). - From those three dimensions, promoting measure to
enhance social opportunities and human
capabilities work most effectively towards the
prevention of risks. - The suggested actions of poverty reduction
strategy are protection and empowerment.
48Grand design of a human security oriented poverty
reduction strategy
- Freedom from large external shocks is a
preconditioned for securing human security. The
first and foremost task of human security is to
prevent threats such as violent conflicts and
macro-economic instability, environmental
degradation, natural disasters and pandemic
diseases. - Strengthening governance and government
capabilities. - Safety net programs, such as emergency funds and
food-for-work programs that are adopted when
people face risks. - Sustainable social protection programs,
particularly for those who are poor and
vulnerable.
49Case Considering human security into poverty
reduction strategy in Indonesia
- Improvement of poverty reduction program design
- Schemes
- BLT (Unconditional Cash Transfer/UCT) program for
the poor near poor has been replaced by the
Program Keluarga Harapan/PKH (Conditional Cash
Transfer), in which require certain criteria
related to the human well-being (ensure the
education access for children, health care
services for children and women, and nutritional
improvement). This program prioritizes
particularly the chronic poor as the
beneficiaries. - Scaling up the Kecamatan Development Program
(KDP) and Urban Poverty Program (UPP) programs
towards Program Nasional Pemberdayaan
Masyarakat/PNPM (National Community Empowerment
Program) which aimed to reduce unemployment and
poverty and empower the community. - State budget significant increase of the state
budget plan for 2008 particularly for the sectors
highly related to basic public services (e.g.
health, education, agriculture, energy,
transportation, and public work).
50Future considerations (1)
- Poverty and human security is becoming more
crucial and part of global issues. Knowledge and
awareness of those, therefore, are absolutely
important and it should be taken into
consideration in the policy making. - The traditional security concept has been
transforming into the non-traditional security
one, many aspects/component of human lives are
included in the latter concept. - It is an obligation of the regional and
international communities to promote the human
security issues into policies and actions of each
country.
51Future considerations (2)
- Since the idea of human security is to improve
the lives of people rather than improve the
security of national borders and key issues cross
these borders, coordinated action by the
international and regional community seems
essential. - Continued linkage and cooperation among
governments, international organizations,
nongovernmental organizations, and other parts of
civil society will also be important. - Building the capacity in data bases and methods
to undertake better risk assessment should be an
essential component of human security-focused
foreign policy.
52References
- Alkire, Sabina (2003). A Conceptual Framework for
Human Security, CRISE Queen Elizabeth House,
University of Oxford working paper. - Commision on Human Security (2003). Human
Security Now, Commision on Human Security report,
New York. - Hadiwinata, Bob (2004). Securitizing Poverty the
Role of NGOs in the Protection of Human Security
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53Thank you