An Age of Revolution 18th Century

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An Age of Revolution18th Century
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Lets Revisit The World of the 18th Century
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European Colonies
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British Colonial Government

• Private investors had a lot of control over
  English colonial affairs.
• British colonies maintained their own assemblies.
• They influenced the choice of royal governors.
• There were no viceroys or audiencias.
• However, colonies were subject to royal
  authority.

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Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas

• John Locke
• Second Treaise of Civil Government (1690)
• Government originated in the past when people
  worked together, formed a civil society, and
  appoint rulers to protect and promote common
  interests.
• Individuals granted political rights to their
  rulers but retained the rights to life, liberty,
  and pursuit of happiness.
• Rulers received their authority from the consent
  of the people or governed (popular sovereignty).

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Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas

• Voltaire
• French writer
• Resented persecution of religious minorities and
  censorship of royal officials.
• He called for religious toleration and freedom to
  express view openly.
• Last words For Gods sake, let me die in peace
  before expiring.

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Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• The Social Contract (1762)
• Members of a society made up the sovereign.
• In an ideal society, all individuals participate
  in the formation of policy and laws.
• In the absence of the privileged elite, the
  general will of the people will naturally
  establish order.

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Pre-Revolution America

• Mid-18th Century
• 13 British colonists were happy.
• Regarded themselves as British subjects.
• Recognized British law.
• Read English-language books.
• Visited friends in England.
• Benefited from British rule and trade.

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Prelude to Revolution

• As a result of the Seven Years War, England
  experienced extreme financial difficulties.
• British Parliament passed legislation to levy new
  taxes and to bring order to their expansive
  trading empire.
• Parliament expected the colonists to pay their
  fair share of taxes.

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Prelude to Revolution

• Colonists resented
• Sugar Act (1764) taxed molasses
• Stamp Act (1765) taxed publications and legal
  documents
• Townshend Act (1767) taxed imported items
• Tea Act (1773) taxed tea.
• Quartering Act (1765) required colonists to
  provide housing for British troops.

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The Colonists Respond

• The colonists felt they should govern their own
  affairs.
• No taxation without representation.
• They boycotted British products.
• They protested with the Boston Tea Party (1773).
• They organized the Continental Congress (1774).
• On July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence
  was adopted.

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The Declaration of Independence

• All men are created equal and endowed by their
  leader with certain unalienable rights, that
  among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
  happiness.
• Because government derives its power from the
  people, it is the right of the people to alter
  or abolish it and to institute new Government if
  government doesnt address the needs of the
  people.

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The American Revolution

• Britain had many advantages over the colonists
• A strong government
• The most powerful navy in the world
• A competent army
• A sizable population of loyalists in the
  colonies.
• But Britain faced many challenges
• They had to ship supplies and reinforcements
  across the seas.
• The rebels benefited from the military and
  economic support of European states that were
  eager to chip away at British hegemony in the
  Atlantic Ocean, i.e. France, Spain, Netherlands,
  German principalities.

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The War Ends

• Worried that the French might form an alliance
  with the North American colonies, the British
  surrendered to George Washington in October of
  1781 at Yorktown, Virginia.
• The Peace of Paris (1783) recognized American
  independence.

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The United States of America

• Based on principles of the Enlightenment, the
  Constitution of the United States of America was
  drafted in 1787.
• It guaranteed individual liberties such as
  freedom of speech, the press, religion, assembly,
  etc.
• Only full rights were given to men of property.

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The French Revolution

• Drew inspiration from the Enlightenment.
• More radical than American revolutionaries.
• French revolutionaries rejected existing French
  society, referring to it as the ancien regime
  (the old order)
• French revolutionaries sought new political,
  social, and cultural structures.

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France The Road to Revolution

• In the 1780s, half of the French governments
  revenue went to pay off war debt.
• Much of this debt involved French support of
  American Revolution.
• King Louis XVI increased taxes on the French
  nobility.
• Aristocrats protested.
• Estates General, assembly that represented French
  population through estates, met to address
  crisis.

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France The Road to Revolution

• Three estates of the ancien regime represented
  the people as follows
• First Estate 100,000 Roman Catholic clergy
• Second Estate 400,000 nobles
• Third Estate 24,000,000 serfs, free peasants,
  urban residents
• Each estate received only one vote.

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France The Road to Revolution

• In May 1789, King Louis XVI called the Estates
  General into session at the royal palace of
  Versailles in hopes of authorizing new taxes.
• Representatives for the Third Estate pushed for
  the assembly to vote with majority
  representation.
• Fearful of rebellion, the king gave in after
  street riots in Paris in the summer of 1789.

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A New Political Regime

• The new assembly with its middle class majority
  devised a new political regime.
• The assembly crafted The Declaration of the
  Rights of Man and the Citizen.
• This new law provided for natural rights of
  liberty, property, security, resistance to
  oppression, and free expression of ideas.

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The French Republic is Born

• A popular riot stormed a political prison, the
  Bastille, on July 14, 1787.
• The riot at the Bastille sparked riots all over
  France.
• Soon after this, peasants seized manorial records
  and many acquired estates.
• This triggered a general proclamation abolishing
  manorialism.
• Although aristocratic rule remained in place, the
  principles of aristocratic rule were in trouble.
• The privileges of the church were attacked and
  church property was seized.

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The French Republic is Born

• Early reforms met resistance from the church and
  the aristocracy.
• Civil wars broke out all over France.
• Monarchs in Austria and Prussia invaded France to
  support the king and restore the ancien regime.
• Revolutionary leaders established the Convention,
  a new legislative body.
• The new constitution proclaimed France a republic
  and abolished the monarchy.
• A strong parliament was set up giving about
  one-half the adult male populationthose with
  propertythe right to vote.

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The French Republic is Born

• The guillotine was instituted to provide more
  humane executions.
• King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette went
  to the guillotine after being found guilty of
  treason.

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The French Republic is Born

• Maximilien Robespierre and his radical Jacobian
  party
• Used campaign of terror
• Set up a cult religion to replace Catholicism.
• Closed churches
• Forced priests to take wives
• He was executed by guillotine after he attempted
  to rid the government of moderate leaders.
• He was abandoned by many who once supported him.
• While in power, Robespierre
• Instituted metric system
• Abolished slavery (reversed later)
• Proclaimed universal military conscription.
• brought about success with revolutionary armies.

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Enter Napoleon Bonaparte

• The fall of the radicals led to four years of
  moderate policies.
• In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte, a leading general,
  converted the revolutionary republic to an
  authoritarian empire.
• He reduced Parliament to a rubber stamp.
• He established a powerful police system that
  limited freedom of expression.
• He used propaganda to manipulate public opinion.
  
• However, Napoleon confirmed other liberal gains,
  including freedom of religion and equality for
  men in a series of law codes.
• He developed a centralized system of secondary
  schools and universities.

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Enter Napoleon Bonaparte

• Napoleon was driven by ambition.
• He devoted most of his attention to expansion
  abroad.
• He was a brilliant military strategist and the
  greatest general of his time.
• Under his leadership, France engaged in a series
  of wars against all of Europes major powers,
  including Russia.
• Under Napoleon, France
• Conquered the Iberian and Italian peninsulas,
• Occupied the Netherlands,
• Defeated Austrian and Prussian forces.
• Forced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to ally with
  him and respect French hegemony in Europe.

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Decline of Napoleon

• In 1812, Napoleon decided to invade Russia.
• He led an army of 600,000 soldiers to Moscow.
• He captured the city but the tsar withdrew and
  refused to surrender.
• Russians set Moscow on fire leaving Napoleons
  army without shelter or supplies.
• Even though Napoleon surrendered, the Russian
  winter destroyed his army.
• In the end, only 30,000 soldiers made it back to
  France.

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Decline of Napoleon

• A coalition of British, Austrian, Prussian, and
  Russian armies converged on France and forced
  Napoleon to give up his throne in 1814.
• The French monarchy was restored and Napoleon was
  exiled to a tiny Mediterranean island near
  Corsica.
• In March 1814, he escaped, returned to France,
  and re-established his army.
• For a 100 days he ruled France.
• A British army defeated him at Waterloo in
  Belgium.
• He was banished again, this time to the isolated
  island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean.
• He died of natural causes in 1821.

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Haiti Prelude to Revolution
18th Century Hispaniola was a major center of
sugar production Spanish colony of Santo Domingo
occupied eastern part of island. The French
colony of Saint-Dominigue occupied western part
of island.
Saint-Dominique was the richest of all European
colonies in the Caribbean. Sugar, coffee, and
cotton produced in Saint-Dominique accounted for
1/3 of Frances foreign trade.
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Spanish Colonial Government

• Two centers of authority in America Mexico (New
  Spain) and Peru (New Castile)
• Governed by a viceroy who answered to King of
  Spain.
• Viceroys had considerable power.
• Viceroys were monitored by audiencias, educated
  lawyers who conducted reviews and reported to the
  king.
• Most Spanish colonists preferred to live in
  cities.
• Cities had a dense network of bureaucratic
  government control.

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Haiti Prelude to Revolution

• 1790
• 40,000 white French settlers
• 30,000 gens de couleur (mulattoes and freed
  slaves)
• 500,000 black slaves, most of whom were born in
  Africa
• Social hierarchy
• Wealthy planters
• Gens de couleur farmed small plots of land
• Slaves
• Late 18th century
• Saint-Domingue had large communities of maroons,
  runaway slaves.

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Haiti Prelude to Revolution

• Colonial governors had sent 800,000 gens de
  couleur to fight in American war of Independence.
• In North America, the gens de couleur became
  familiar with ideas of freedom and equality.
• The French Revolution of 1789 inspired white
  settlers to seek the right to govern themselves.
• White settlers, however, did not support equality
  for the gens de couleur.

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Haiti Prelude to Revolution

• August 1791
• 12,000 slaves killed white settlers, burned
  homes, and destroyed plantations.
• 100,000 slaves joined rebellion.
• Slaves had military experience from Africa.
• French troops arrived in 1792 to restore order.

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Enter Toussaint Louverture

• Francois-Dominique Toussaint
• son of slaves
• Learned to read and write from Roman Catholic
  priest
• Domestic servant
• Rose to position of livestock overseer on
  plantation.
• When slave revolt broke out, Toussaint helped his
  masters escape then joined the rebels.
• He built a strong, disciplined army.
• In 1797, he led an army of 20,000.
• In 1801, he established a constitution that gave
  equal rights to all residents of Saint Dominique.

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Haiti Becomes an Independent Republic

• 1802
• Napoleon sent 20,000 troops to restore French
  authority.
• Toussaint attempted peaceful settlement.
• French commander arrested him and sent him to
  France.
• Toussaint died in jail of maltreatment in 1803.
• Yellow fever killed many of the French troops.
• Toussaints successors drove out the remaining
  French troops.
• In 1803, Haiti declared independence.
• In 1804, they established Haiti, the second
  independent republic in the western hemisphere.