Colonial America

1
Colonial America

• European Settlement
• SSUSH 1

2
Pre-Historic Settlement

• First inhabitants of North America migrated from
  Asia, probably across a land bridge between
  Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age
• These societies developed some even established
  sophisticated civilizations some were nomadic
  hunter gatherers

3
Bering Strait Land Bridge
4
First Europeans Arrive

• 15th and 16th Centuries saw Europeans
  establishing colonies.
• Colonies territories established by the
  government in a foreign land.
• The three countries that had the most impact were
  Spain, France, and Great Britain.

5
Spain New World Empire

• The Spanish were the first to arrive and
  establish strong colonies.
• They dominated much of South America, modern-day
  Mexico, and what eventually becomes the U.S.
  Southwest, Florida, and parts of Georgia.

6
France Goes Hunting!

• France took advantage of the inland waterways and
  rivers to control parts of the interior.
• France focused on the fur trading business
  through trapping themselves and trading with the
  Native Americans.
• Native Americans and French Trappers came to rely
  on one another for commerce

7
Quebec

• Frances first successful colony in North America
  established in 1608.
• The colony rested high on the banks of the St.
  Lawrence River excellent location for carrying
  out fur trading and establishing more colonies.
• Good Military position

8
Jamestown, Virginia

• First successful British Colony in North America
  founded in 1607
• A joint-stock company, the Virginia Company
  sponsored the colony to make money off raw
  materials and products.
• New settlers came to get rich and obtain land.

9
Jamestown, Virginia

• Colonists were not use to manual labor that was
  needed to build a colony.
• Most wanted to search for gold to get rich quick,
  instead of raising crops to support colony.
• Jamestown was built in a swampy area prone to
  infectious diseases, not good for agriculture.
• Many died from sickness, starvation, and cold
  winters.

10
Jamestown, Virginia

• John Rolfe saved the colony by introducing a new
  crop tobacco!
• England was not happy about the crop because of
  its association with corrupt behavior
• Crop proved to be very profitable for growers
• To attract more settlers, Virginia instituted the
  headright system.
• This promised 50 acres of land to those who
  settled in the colony.

11
Virginians and Native Americans

• Most Native Americans lived under a tribal
  confederation (loose alliance) led by Chief
  Powhatan.
• Hostility broke out when 200 Natives attacked the
  settlement colonists repelled the attack and
  negotiated a peace.
• Powhatan kept a close eye on settlers, hoping to
  establish trade with them, but weary of their
  true intentions.

12
Virginians and Native Americans

• The colony would not have survived its first
  winter had Natives not given them food.
• Relations were tense Native Americans attacked
  Jamestown in 1622 killing 300 colonists
  Colonist responded by killing as many Natives in
  their own attack.
• 1644 Indian leader, Opechancanough, attacked
  but he was killed colonists were now in firm
  control of the colony.

13
Virginias Social Structure

• Most colonial Americans accepted class
  distinctions.
• Wealthy landowners exercised most of the power in
  each colony.
• In Virginia, society eventually became divided
  between large landowners, poor farmers,
  indentured servants and slaves.

14
Indentured Servants

• People who could not afford to come to North
  America on their own.
• They agreed to work for a landowner for up to
  seven years in exchange for the landowner paying
  for their trip.
• Once the indentured servants served their seven
  years, they became small landowners.

15
Virginias Social Structure

• As the population of small landowners increased,
  settlement pushed farther west.
• Poor farmers in western Virginia experienced
  conflicts with the Natives
• They became impatient with the Governor in
  Jamestown, who favored the rich and did not do
  enough to protect western Virginians.

16
Bacons Rebellion

• In 1676, this tension led to an armed conflict
  known as Bacons Rebellion.
• Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia Planter and wealth
  aristocrat, rallied forces to fight Native
  Americans on the Virginia frontier.
• The Governor condemned his actions, so Bacon
  turned his forces on Jamestown.
• The governor was forced to flee and Bacons men
  burned Jamestown to the ground.

17
Bacons Rebellion

• Bacon suddenly died ending his rebellion
• Uprising showed that colonists expected a
  government that served everyone.
• Wealthy realized the discontent among the poor
  farmers planters turned away from indentured
  servants as labor.
• Planters turned to another source of labor
  slavery!

18
Slavery in Virginia

• Slavery is a system in which people are owed as
  property.
• It became essential to the colonys economy as
  indentured servitude decreased.
• First African slaves arrived in Jamestown in
  1619.
• Originally came as indentured servants with the
  same rights as white indentured servants.

19
Slavery in Virginia

• The institution of slavery helped to establish
  the plantation system in Virginia and throughout
  the southern colonies.
• Plantations were huge farms owned by wealthy
  landowners who raised cash crops
• Cash crops are crops grown for trade or profit.
• By the late 1600s, slavery was firmly rooted in
  the southern colonies.

20
Virginias Government

• Due to the colonies great distance from England,
  the British adopted a policy known as salutary
  neglect.
• Except for limited efforts by the crown to assert
  its control in the mid-1600s, the English
  government let the colonists govern themselves.

21
Virginias Government

• The colonies established representative
  governments (governments in which the people
  elected their own officials and had a voice.)
• Colonial governors appointed by the crown were in
  charge, colonial legislatures consisting of local
  residents came to possess most of the power.

22
House of Burgesses

• 1619, Virginians elected the first legislative
  body.
• Members were selected directly by the people and
  along with the governor comprised Virginias
  government.
• Upper class generally served in the government.
• It helped to lay a foundation for the ideas about
  representative government that would develop in
  other colonies.

23
The Colonies

• Some colonies were established as royal colonies,
  governed by the King through an appointed royal
  governor.
• Some colonies were proprietary or charter
  colonies
• Proprietary colonies were granted to a group of
  private owners for development -Pennsylvania
• Charter colonies were granted a charter by the
  King for the purpose of establishing a
  government. - Georgia

24
Southern Colonies

• Maryland
• Virginia
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia

25
Southern Colonial Society

• Southerners generally accepted class distinctions
  and the idea that the wealthy, upper class (known
  as the gentry) is superior to the lower, poorer
  class
• Public education did not exists in the Southern
  Colonies poor were educated at home wealthy
  educated at home with private tutors or sent off
  to school in Europe.

26
Southern Colonial Society

• Great Britain established the southern colonies
  for economic reasons rather that religious.
• Maryland was started as a refuge for Catholics.
• The Gentry remained a part of the Church of
  England because it was in their economic and
  political interest
• Methodist and Baptist over time became common
  among the poorer southerners.

27
Southern Colonial Economy

• Tobacco became very popular in Europe and became
  an important cash crop for Virginia, North
  Carolina, and Maryland.
• South Carolina and Georgia made rice and indigo
  important cash crops.
• Southern colonies also produced tar, pitch, and
  turpentine from the abundant pine forest.

28
Southern Colonial Economy

• The Souths reliance on staple crops (crops that
  are in large demand and provide an income) gave
  rise to the plantation system and a reliance on
  slavery.
• Plantation owners often had direct access to
  shipping, so large cities did not develop across
  the South.

29
New England Colonies

• Massachusetts
• New Hampshire
• Rhode Island
• Connecticut

30
New England Colonies

• In addition to wealth, there were other reasons
  people came to North America.
• Religious dissent (disagreement with the Church
  of England) was one of the most common.
• English leaders viewed any protest of refusal to
  follow Anglican church leaders as a betrayal.
• Those with different views saw North America as a
  place to escape religious persecution.

31
Puritans

• Puritans wanted to build a community built solely
  on pure Biblical teaching rather than Anglican
  traditions.
• 1620, Puritans established the Plymouth,
  Massachusetts Colony.
• These Puritans became known as the Pilgrims and
  celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621
• Another group settled further north and
  established the Massachusetts Bay Colony

32
New England Colonial Economy

• NE Colonies relied heavily on the Atlantic Ocean.
• Shipbuilding, trade, and fishing became leading
  industries in the region.
• New Englanders traded English Goods for West
  Indian products, slaves, etc.
• Boston, Massachusetts became a booming urban
  center for shipping and commerce.
• Farming in New England was for self-sufficiency

33
New England Education

• Puritans believed that everyone should be able to
  read the Bible
• They were the first to promote public education.
• 1647, Massachusetts required all towns with 50
  families to have a public school.
• Grammar schools were required to prepare young
  men for College
• Women were trained in womanly duties at home.
• Harvard (1636) and Yale (1701) were founded to
  train ministers.

34
New England Government

• The First Efforts at self-government were defined
  in the Mayflower Compact.(1620)
• It established an elected legislature and
  asserted that the government derived its power
  from the people of the colony.
• It also implied that the colonists desire to be
  ruled by a local government, rather than England.

35
Town Meetings

• The belief in representative government often
  took the form of town meetings.
• Local, tax-paying citizens, (usually property
  owners) met together to discuss and vote on
  issues.
• Despite advocating representative government, The
  Puritans still believed that government should
  seek to enforce the will of God.
• Power tended to rest in the hands of church
  leaders often very authoritative.

36
Religion and Dissent

• The Puritan Church was a central part of life in
  New England.
• Every settler in Massachusetts had to attend and
  support the Puritan Church.
• Dissenters were often banished from the colony.

37
Roger Williams

• Disagreed with Puritan Church leaders
• Proponent of separation of Church and State that
  every individual should be free to follow his own
  convictions in religious matters
• Founded Rhode Island Colony
• Advocating fair treatment of Indians.
• Founded the first Baptist Church

38
Anne Hutchinson

• Disagreed with Puritan leaders felt that women
  could discern the will of God.
• Banished from colony for teaching a Bible study
  to men and women.
• Resettled in Rhode Island and New York.
• She and her family were killed by Native
  Americans.

39
Thomas Hooker

• Hooker maintained that any adult male who owned
  property should be able to vote and participate
  in civil government, regardless of church
  membership.
• Left Massachusetts to found the new English
  settlement at Hartford, Connecticut.
• He is also remembered for his role in creating
  the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut". This
  document is one of the modern world's first
  written constitutions and an influence upon the
  current American Constitution.

40
Religion and Dissent

• Unrest in Massachusetts took its toll.
• The colony lost its charter in 1684
• Massachusetts was made a Royal Colony in 1691
  established a representative legislature
• Abolished the requirement that every member must
  be a member of the Church.

41
The Half-Way Covenant

• Original settlers in New England shared deep
  religious convictions as new generations took
  their place, leaders feared their offspring would
  not share the same conversion experiences.
  (coming to faith in Jesus Christ)
• This was necessary to obtain Puritan Church
  membership.

42
The Half-Way Covenant

• This threatened the very core of New England
  Society.
• To fix the problem, the church adopted the
  Half-way covenant.
• It established partial membership for children of
  full members regardless of conversion experience.
• So long as they were baptized, they were
  considered church members but without voting
  privileges.
• Church leaders hoped that younger Puritans would
  reject the non-religious world in favor of
  Puritan teachings

43
Salem Witch Trials

• 1692, the commitment to Puritan faith resulted in
  a dark episode in American history the Salem
  Witch Trials.
• Claiming to have been possessed by the devil,
  several young girls accused townspeople of being
  witches.
• 14 Women 5 men were hanged one was crushed to
  death for refusing to plead others died in
  prison.

44
New Englanders and Native Americans

• Relations were peaceful at first Natives taught
  the Pilgrims how to grow corn that helped them
  survive the harsh winters.
• A series of wars broke out that pushed the
  Natives off lands they had lived on for
  generations.
• 1675, King Phillip ( Native American name was
  Metacom) united the tribes to fight the settlers.

45
King Phillips War

• Despite killing nearly 2,000 settlers, Metacoms
  forces retreated when the settlers fought back.
• Colonial soldiers killed Metacom in a Rhode
  Island cave.
• The confrontation became known as King Phillips
  War and resulted in the English gaining firmer
  control over New England.

46
Middle Colonies

• New York
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware

47
Middle Colonies

• Located between New England and the Southern
  Colonies.
• The middle colonies were more culturally diverse
  because of their location, the degree of
  religious tolerance, and the fact that other
  countries (Sweden, Dutch) had originally settled
  them before England.

48
Mid-Colonial Economy

• Middle Colonies depended on both farming and
  commerce.
• Farmers raised staple crops like wheat, barley,
  and rye.
• Large cities like Philadelphia and New York were
  home to a diverse group of people.
• Slaves were not as numerous
• Good waterways gave access to wooded interior,
  fur trading, and an economic relationship with
  the Iroquois Indians.

49
Diversity in the Middle Colonies

• William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a homeland
  for the Quakers.
• Quakers did not recognize class differences,
  promoted equality of the sexes, practiced
  pacifism (non-violence) and sought to deal fairly
  with Native Americans.
• Pennsylvania was a place of religious tolerance
  attracting many different denominations.

50
Diversity in the Middle Colonies

• New York was originally a Dutch colony, so its
  residents spoke other languages.
• Jews, as well as, Christians made New York home
  the colonies first synagogue was located there.
• Urban areas continued to grow and develop and
  Philadelphia became the largest city in the
  colonies.

51
Middle Colonies Social Order

• Merchants who dealt in foreign trade formed the
  Upper class aristocracy
• Sailors, unskilled workers, and some artisans
  comprised the lower class.
• The middle class consisted of craftsmen,
  retailers, and businessmen.

52
New Amsterdam to New York

• The area we know as New York was originally
  settled by the Dutch, which they named New
  Netherland.
• 1625, they established a trading post at the
  mouth of the Hudson River New Amsterdam
• They traded furs, local goods, and agricultural
  products with Europe and the other colonies.
• New Amsterdam became a key port.

53
New Amsterdam to New York

• England took notice of the colonys prosperity
  King Charles declared the region under the rule
  of his brother, the Duke of York.
• New Amsterdam surrendered and was immediately
  renamed New York in 1664
• The entire colony quickly came under the control
  of the British.

54
Colonial Culture

• SSUSH 2

55
The Atlantic Slave Trade

• The Atlantic Slave trade involved shipping slaves
  from Africa to the Americas.
• This trade grew from the fifteenth century to the
  nineteenth century ending in the 1808
• The slave trade existed in Africa before
  Europeans arrived.

56
The Atlantic Slave Trade

• American colonization and the plantation system
  made the slave trade very profitable for European
  and African slave traders.
• Slave ships carried millions of African slaves to
  the Americas.
• By the 1700s, black slaves outnumbered white
  settlers in Latin America and in South Carolina

57
The Atlantic Slave Trade

• These slaves arrived by way of the Middle Passage
• Middle Passage was the route taken by ships
  carrying slaves from Africa to North America.
• It was called the Middle Passage because it was
  the middle leg of the triangular trade route

58
Middle Passage

• Africans were forced to live in cramped quarters
  aboard slave ships and suffered inhumane
  treatment
• Due mostly to poor sanitation and disease, many
  of them died before reaching America.

59
Colonial African American Culture

• Slaves came from many different cultures within
  Africa.
• Slave populations on any particular plantation
  usually consisted of Africans from a variety of
  backgrounds different languages, different
  religions,
• Africans developed a tight knit community over
  time quickly adopted the English language
  adopted Christianity to their African beliefs.

60
Colonial African Culture

• Southern slaves worked on farms harvesting crops
  and processing agricultural products
• Northern slaves worked as artisans (barrel
  makers, blacksmiths, carpenters) and household
  servants.
• Some worked for wages and bought their freedom.
• Slaves in the British colonies became less mobile
  and their treatment more harsh.
• Southern slaves suffered as the economy came to
  rely on the institution of slavery for their
  profits.
• Some free blacks became slave owners themselves,
  but blacks saw the few rights they had decline
  over time.

61
Individualism and Social Mobility

• Social Mobility ( the ability to move from one
  social class to another) was limited in Europe
• If you were born into the Upper class, you had
  opportunities that the lower class did not have.
• Owning land gave you access to better education,
  wealth, political office, serving in the
  military, etc.
• Members of the lower class had little chance of
  advancing.

62
Individualism and Social Mobility

• In the colonies, it was different.
• Those who came as indentured servants, eventually
  became land owners and obtained the right to
  vote.
• Lower class people who came found that if they
  worked hard that they could advance their
  economic status.

63
Individualism and Social Mobility

• A belief in the ability of each individual to
  achieve success if they apply themselves and work
  hard is called individualism.
• This led to the idea of universal suffrage and
  democracy.
• Universal suffrage all white males were allowed
  to vote not just landowners.
• Democracy- people electing whomever they wish to
  serve in public office rather than just the
  ruling class.

64
Benjamin Franklin

• He was an inventor, scientist, writer,
  ambassador, and founding father of the United
  States.
• He is also an example of individualism.
• He was not born into the upper class.
• His father made candles and soap for a living and
  his mother was a daughter of a former indentured
  servant.

65
Benjamin Franklin

• Benjamin quit school at the age of 10 and became
  an apprentice to his brother who was a printer
  and eventually made his way to England.
• 1726, he returned to Philadelphia and opened his
  own print shop.
• He was an autodidact, a self taught person.

66
Benjamin Franklin

• Because of his wit and ability to communicate his
  ideas and opinions, Franklin made a fortune as a
  writer, scientist and inventor.
• He also created the first fire department
• He used his natural abilities to climb the social
  ladder of the colonies.
• The example of Franklin established the idea that
  success was open to all and still is today!

67
Religious Expression

• Many Europeans fled to North America in search of
  religious freedom.
• This did not mean that they were prepared to
  offer such freedom to those who believed
  different from them.
• Religious expression became more diverse over
  time but remained predominantly Christian and
  Protestant.

68
Religious Expression

• In the 1730s, the colonies experienced what was
  known as the First Great Awakening.
• The Awakening was a religious movement that
  featured passionate preaching from evangelists
  like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield
• It encouraged people to seek a sincere
  relationship with Jesus Christ instead of a
  religion

Edwards
Whitfield
69
Great Awakening

• It encouraged colonists to think for themselves
  on religious matters.
• Helped to ensure that principles like freedom of
  religion and separation of church and state (the
  government not imposing a particular religion on
  its citizens, but allowing citizens to practice
  their own faith) became valued colonial
  principles.

70
Why did nations establish colonies?

• Mercantilism theory that countries grow
  wealthier and maintain their national security by
  consistently exporting more than they import.
• To do this nations needed colonies for additional
  resources and markets
• American colonists began a profitable
  trans-Atlantic trade

71
Trans-Atlantic Trade

• Colonies shipped their products and raw materials
  to England and the West Indies.
• England passed the Navigation Acts which required
  the colonies to sell certain goods only to
  England.
• Colonists could make more money by selling
  directly to other countries, so they broke the
  law and did just that.
• Strict enforcement of the Navigation Act
  contributed to the call for revolution.

72
Road to Revolution
73
French and Indian War

• Known as the Seven Years War in Europe
• British colonists began to move west and found
  themselves fighting French settlers and the
  Native Americans.
• In 1754, tensions resulted in the French and
  Indian War Britain fighting against the French
  and the Native American allies.

74
French and Indian War

• After nine years of fighting, France, Great
  Britain, and Spain ( a French ally) signed the
  Treaty of Paris in 1763
• France gave up its claim to Canada, as well as,
  all lands east of the Mississippi River.
• Spain ceded Florida to the British.
• Great Britain was now the only colonial power in
  North America.

75
Tensions Rise

• After the French and Indian War, relations
  between England and its colonies deteriorated .
• Great Britain was heavily in debt after the war
  and felt that the colonies should help pay for
  the expenses.
• Great Britain now possessed vast new territory
  and felt that it needed a way to control them.
• GB made some steps that angered the colonists.

76
Proclamation of 1763

• Forbade colonists from settling west of the
  Appalachian Mountains.
• Put the territory under British Military control.
• Also was an attempt to ensure peace with the
  Native Americans.
• Colonists resented the restrictions and most
  ignored it.

King George III
77
Stamp Act

• British government taxed nearly all printed
  materials by requiring a government stamp.
• Colonists met in what came to be called the Stamp
  Act Congress they declared No Taxation without
  representation
• Colonists responded with a boycott of British
  goods refused to buy products of English
  businesses.

78
Sons Daughters of Liberty

• Group formed to support and enforce the boycott.
• Sons often used violence to intimidate any
  merchant or royal official who might use the
  stamps.
• Daughters used their skills to weave fabric
  called homespun that were usually imported
  from Great Britain.

79
Stamp Act

• Georgia was the only colony to issue any of the
  stamps, prompting angry South Carolinians to
  threaten an invasion of Savannah.
• The boycott and other protest led England to
  repel (cancel) the law.

80
Declaratory Act

• On the same day that they repelled the Stamp Act,
  parliament passed the Declaratory Act.
• This act stated that Parliament had the authority
  to impose laws on the colonies.
• In effect, England was saying that it expected
  them to comply with British law whether they felt
  represented or not.

81
Committees of Correspondence

• Thomas Jefferson proposed that the colonies form
  groups dedicated to organizing resistance to
  British laws.
• These groups made sure that colonists remained
  discontent with British rule.

82
Boston Tea Party

• British laws had given an unfair advantage to the
  British East India company in the selling of tea
  (favorite drink of colonists)
• December 1773, Massachusetts committee of
  correspondence led a group of radicals dressed as
  Mohawk Indians- marched to Boston Harbor- raided
  ships and dumped crates of tea into the harbor.

83
Coercive Acts

• Parliament passed the Coercive Acts to punish the
  colony of Massachusetts.
• Closed Boston Harbor placed a military governor
  over Massachusetts expanded the Canadian border
• Because of the severity of the act the colonists
  called it the Intolerable Acts

84
The Revolution Begins

• To deal with the crisis, representatives from all
  colonies except Georgia gathered for the First
  Continental Congress in 1774.
• It sent a letter to King George III saying that
  the colonists had a right to be represented in
  Parliament, since they were not that they had a
  right to govern themselves.

85
Lexington and Concord

• April 1775, British troops were on their way to
  seize arms and ammunition stored by colonists in
  Concorde, Massachusetts.
• Colonial Militia, known as the Minute Men, met
  the Redcoats (Regulars) in Lexington
• Someone fired the shot heard round the world
  that started the American Revolution.
• One month later, the colonists met in the Second
  Continental Congress to discuss the situation.

86
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

• January 1776, Paine publishes his famous
  pamphlet, Common Sense.
• In it, he made a compelling case for independence
  that won many to the cause.
• Due to his influence and that of others, the
  Second Continental Congress stopped seeking
  resolution with England and chose to declare
  independence.