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Chapter 19 From War to Peace

• Section 1 Post War Havoc
• The Main Idea
• Although the end of World War I brought peace,
  it did not ease the minds of many Americans, who
  found much to fear in postwar years.
• Reading Focus
• What were the causes and effects of the first Red
  Scare?
• How did labor strife grow during the postwar
  years?
• How did the United States limit immigration after
  World War I?

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• THE FIRST RED SCARE
• After World War I ended, many people lost their
  jobs in the United States, and a deadly flu
  epidemic spread across the world.
• It became a time of fear. Wartime hatred of
  Germans led to a postwar movement called 100
  Percent Americanism.
• The movement supported all things American and
  opposed or attacked ideas or people it viewed as
  foreign or anti-American.
• After World War I, many Americans viewed as
  enemies people identified as reds and
  socialists.
• In Russia the Red Army of the Bolsheviks, led by
  Vladimir I.

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• Lenin, took control and later created the Soviet
  Union.
• This caused fear in Americans because the
  Bolsheviks believed in worldwide communism.
• One of the basic principles of communism is that
  everyone should share equally in societys
  wealth.
• The Soviet Union wanted to replace capitalism
  with communism.
• Although capitalism was the foundation of
  American life, Communist parties formed here,
  too.
• Newspaper stories spread fear of reds, as
  Communists were called, across the nation.
• This caused the 1919 Red Scare.

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• During World War I, Americans hated the Germans.
  After the war, the new enemies were reds and
  other radicals.
• The government began an anti-Communist campaign.
• Widespread fear of communism resulted in the
  Palmer raids.
• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer rounded up
  suspected radicals in Palmer raids.
• Many radicals were aliens.
• These were people who lived in the United States
  but were foreign citizens.
• Many were faced with deportation, being sent back
  to ones country of origin.
• Referring to nearly 250 aliens who were being
  deported, Leonard Wood once said I believe we
  should place them all in ships of stone, with
  sails of lead.

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•  LABOR STRIFE GROWS
• The return from war of about 4.5 million soldiers
  increased the demand for jobs and unemployment
  rose.
• Many people suspected unions of being Communist.
• In 1919 some 4 million workers took part in over
  3,000 strikes.
• In 1919 Seattle was virtually shut down because
  of a wide range of labor strikes.
• They almost always lost. Job seekers were
  plentiful, and striking workers could easily be
  replaced.
• In Boston, Governor Calvin Coolidge put down a
  police strike and suddenly became a national
  hero.
• A miners strike won wage increases but not a
  five-day work week or safer working conditions.
• The mine workers union leader, John L. Lewis,
  knew that their demands would have to wait.

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• LIMITING IMMIGRATION
• The Red Scare and lack of jobs led to nativism,
  the distrust of anything foreign.
• Both nativists and labor leaders wanted to limit
  immigration.
• In 1921 new federal laws reduced the number of
  immigrants allowed.
• In 1924 the numbers were set for specific
  countries, favoring immigrants from some places
  over others.
• The goal of the National Origins Act of 1924 was
  to reduce immigration to the United States from
  European countries.

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• Nativism helped revive the Ku Klux Klan, a hate
  group from the South.
• It also led to the unfair trialfor armed robbery
  and murderof Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo
  Vanzetti.
• The two Italian immigrants were anarchists,
  people who want to destroy government.
• The trial focused on their backgrounds and
  political beliefs.
• Although the evidence against them was weak, they
  were convicted and, in 1927, executed.

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• Section 2 A New Economic Era
•  
• FORD REVOLUTIONIZES INDUSTRY
• Henry Fords success in the 1910s and 1920s
  inspired competitors and helped the economy grow.
  
• The first cars were made by hand. Only the
  wealthy could afford them.
• Henry Ford began making cars that most people
  could afford.
• He did this by making car manufacturing simpler
  and cheaper.

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• He used an assembly line, in which the car would
  pass through many work stations as workers at
  each station performed specific tasks.
• Ford also paid his workers well.
• This allowed the workers to buy the cars.
• Other automakers and industries learned from
  Ford.
• They began using assembly lines.
• This raised worker productivity, the amount of
  products a worker or machine can produce.
• The success of businesses in the 1920s led to the
  growth of welfare capitalism.
• They gave their workers extra benefits such as
  retirement pensions and recreation programs.
• They wanted to keep workers out of unions and
  away from higher pay demands.

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• INDUSTRY CHANGES SOCIETY
• The automobile industry led to the growth of
  spin-off industries. These were businesses that
  made the materials and parts for the cars such as
  glass, steel, and rubber.
• Ford and other carmakers were located around
  Detroit, Michigan.
• Their success led to Detroits growth.
• Between 1910 and 1930 Detroits population
  tripled. Other cities in the Midwest also grew,
  especially those with automotive spinoff
  industries.
• Akron, Ohio, for example, boomed because it was
  the center for tire manufacturing.

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• Because of cars, suburbs grew.
• These were smaller towns outside of cities.
• Cars allowed people to drive to work from a
  distance.
• People also began using their cars to visit parts
  of the country they had never been to before.
• In Florida this led to a land boom.
• The tin-can tourists from the 1920s shows that
  the mass production of the automobile opened
  vacation spots to people other than the wealthy.

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• THE NEW CONSUMER
• The business boom of the 1920s was fueled by
  consumers.
• New electrical products such as refrigerators,
  vacuum cleaners, and radios appealed to people.
• The thriving postwar economy especially benefited
  advertisers.
• The advertising industry persuaded people to buy
  more. Installment buying was introduced.
• Consumers paid for an item over time in small
  payments.
• This is also called credit, which is borrowing
  money.
• Listening to the radio connected people to the
  world.
• A new form of public transportation, the
  passenger airline, also connected people.

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• WEAKNESSES IN THE ECONOMY
• Not everyone in the United States was prosperous.
• Farmers had done well during the war, when there
  was not much competition from Europe.
• The European farm production begins to revive
  after the war. Prices then fall in the United
  States and farmers lose money, leading to a farm
  crisis.
• Prices only rose when the government passed a
  tariff on farm products.
• Nature also affected business.
• Cotton farmers faced boll weevils that destroyed
  their crops.
• Florida was hit by a severe hurricane, and the
  Mississippi River flooded, causing about a
  thousand deaths

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• Section 3 The Harding and Coolidge Presidencies
•  
• THE HARDING PRESIDENCY
• Warren G. Harding was elected president in 1920.
  He promised a return to normalcy.
• People understood this as a return to what the
  country was like before the war.
• Harding avoided taking a stand on the League of
  Nations.
• He favored business and the wealthy because he
  thought wealthy people started and expanded
  businesses and that would improve the economy.

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• The one thing he did to help struggling farmers,
  signing the 1921 tariff on European farm
  products, only helped for a short time.
• Harding chose some highly skilled people for his
  Cabinet. Other choices were not so good.
• Some in his administration were dishonest.
• There were many scandals.
• In the worst one, the secretary of the interior
  went to jail for accepting bribes to allow oil
  companies to drill on federally owned land.
• The land was called Teapot Dome.
• In 1923, as rumors of the scandals grew, Harding
  died suddenly. Calvin Coolidge, his vice
  president, took office.

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• THE COOLIDGE PRESIDENCY
•  
• Coolidge had become nationally known for putting
  down the Boston Police Strike in 1918.
• Now his reputation for honesty helped him get rid
  of the corrupt officials from the Harding
  administration.
• His success helped him win the election of 1924.
  T
• The direct goal of most of President Calvin
  Coolidges policies was limiting government and
  supporting business.
• Coolidge believed that businesses would help the
  economy. He thought that business, not
  government, should support the arts and sciences,
  and fund charities.

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• Coolidge felt the role of government should be
  limited.
• He worked to reduce taxes and the federal budget.
  
• He stopped government plans to help farmers.
• He said the government should not provide
  bonuses to World War I veterans.
• In 1928, although popular, Coolidge chose not to
  run for re-election.

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• THE LINGERING EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I
• During the war the United States had loaned
  European nations 10 billion dollars.
• The war-torn nations had difficulty paying it
  back, especially after the U.S. tariffs of 1921.
• To pay their debts, they turned to Germanys
  reparations, or payments to make up for the
  damage of war.
• Germany was unable to pay and had to borrow money
  from the United States.
• Many Americans wanted the government to save
  money and reduce the threat of war by cutting the
  armed forces.

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• Great Britain and Japan were heading for a naval
  arms race, a competition by nations to build more
  and more weapons.
• In 1921, the United States called the Washington
  Naval Conference. Major naval powers, including
  the United States, agreed to reduce their navies.
  
• Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes said it
  was a great step towards keeping peace.
• Another move for peace was the Kellogg-Briand
  Pact, in which 60 countries promised not to use
  warfare to settle their problems.
• Meanwhile, Brigadier General Billy Mitchell was
  trying to convince the U.S. military to build up
  its air power.
• He was not successful and was court martialed.
  Later, in December of 1941, everything he said
  was proven true.

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