The words

1
??? ??????? ??????

• ?????? ?? ???????

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?????? 1

• The words another and other

• The word another is correct if it means
  anybody, but if it refers to a party that has
  already been mentioned, it should be the other.

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?????? 2

• Street names

• For street names I think there are two options
• Either transliterate the whole phrase ul.
  Klochkova
• Or translate the whole phrase (in which case the
  name must be in the nominative) Klochkov St.
• Note St., Ave., etc. must begin with a capital
  letter here a they are part of a proper name.

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?????? 3

• Figures
• Please note that in English we never write the
  word thousand in full when its part of a
  larger figure
• 750 ???. 750,000 - NOT 750 thousand (NOT 750
  thou.)
• 1,2 ???. 1,200 1.2 thousand is virtually
  incomprehensible
• Figures in millions and billions are written
  like this in newspapers 5m, 5bn.

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• Times in the 12-hour clock
• Many native English speakers find this strange
  too!

12.00 12.00 noon
12.30 12.30 p.m.
24.00 12.00 midnight
24.30 12.30 a.m.
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?????? 5

• ??????? ????? ?????
• Guest only if he or she is staying at your
  home or in a hotel. In a restaurant hes a
  customer, and in most other situations (e.g.
  ????? ???????) hes a visitor (to the capital).

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?????? 6

• Effect/Affect
• Most English people get this wrong. I am a
  pedantic linguist and I can tell you that
  effect is the correct spelling if its a noun
  and affect if a verb (??????).
• There is also a verb spelled effect
  (???????????).

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?????? 7

• Best regards or Yours sincerely
• If you know the person well, then it is Best
  regards if not, Id end Yours sincerely or
  Sincerely yours if hes American.

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?????? 8

• ???????
• Neither the definite nor the indefinite article
  is used if the noun is qualified by a number
  thus, the Instruction No. 41 is impossible it
  must be Instruction No. 41.

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?????? 9

• ????????, ???????????? ? ???????
• Interest (????????) is always singular in
  English
• ????????? ???????????? ? ????????????
  lending, not crediting
• ??????? Law firms and translators have
  clients banks and shops have customers.

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?????? 10

• ???????????
• ??????????? ????????, ????????????? ????????
  ??? ????????? ? ?.?. management, not
  administration.
• ????????????? (?????? ??????) - administration

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?????? 11

• ??????????
• With respect to a contract, ?????????? should
  be translated defaulting party
• With respect to breaches of the law, it must be
  translated offender.

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?????? 12

• ??????????
• Internship is more likely to be used by
  Americans, although we also use it now. An
  internship is ??????????, short-term, e.g. six
  weeks in the holidays.
• Trainee is more likely to be a junior employee
  who will continue work at the firm after the
  training period is over. Note that a trainee is a
  person and an internship a thing (the person
  doing an internship is an intern).
• A term more commonly used in the UK for
  internship is work placement.

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?????? 13

• ?????
• In a contract, it is a clause (Clause 4.3) in
  other documents, I would say point 4.3. I keep
  item for lists, and paragraph for ?????, but
  this last is just my opinion, not a rule.

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?????? 14

• Contract or Agreement
• Often these words are interchangeable, but
  agreement is wider than contract. In English law
  a contract is not necessarily a written document,
  however.
• With a small-scale transaction the document is
  more likely to be called a contract.

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?????? 14 (???????????)

• Small-scale transactions
• ??????? ?????-??????? sales contract
• ???????? ??????? employment contract
• ??????? ? ???????? contract of delivery
• ??????? ??????????? insurance contract
• Big transactions
• ??????? ?????-??????? (?????) sale and purchase
  agreement
• ??????? ? ????? loan agreement
• ??????? ? ?????? pledge agreement
• ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? production
  sharing agreement

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?????? 15

• ??????????
• Expertise means ONLY skills, knowledge,
  experience, etc.!
• ?????????? can be translated as expert
  examination, expert analysis, or (if it means
  people) expert commission.

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?????? 16

• Big and Large
• ? ????????, ??????? ??? ??? ????????, ?? big
  ????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? big
  money, a big problem, a big cheese (???????
  ?????) ? ?.?.

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?????? 17

• Peacemakers and Peacekeepers
• Peacemakers (the UN, the Pope or a good friend)
  try to bring peace, to reconcile two warring
  nations or people. Christ said Blessed be the
  peacemakers.
• Peacekeeping forces are soldiers (usually UN) who
  enforce the peace made by someone else. I have
  not often heard the word peacekeeper, if at all.

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?????? 18

• Have to, to be to and must
• Must is generally safest. If I were you Id
  avoid to be to altogether as its quite rarely
  used and if used incorrectly can be very unclear.
  Have to in the present tense is colloquial, so
  is fine for journalism, but not for legal and
  formal texts.

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?????? 19

• ???????????? ???????????????
• So far as I am aware there is no exact equivalent
  in English law. I usually translate it
  (financial) liability.
• ????? ???????????? ??????????????? to be
  (financially) liable (for)

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?????? 20

• Eastern or Oriental
• We can only use Eastern, not Oriental, for
  ?????????, because Oriental refers to the Far
  East (China, Japan, etc.)

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?????? 21

• ????????
• ???????? has a much wider meaning that
  monument, which means (and I quote Oxford
  Dictionary) a statue, building, or other
  structure erected to commemorate a famous or
  notable person or event. So if it refers to a
  small thing, we have to think of something else,
  like treasure or find.

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?????? 22

• Altay or Altai
• I believe that i (not y) should be used,
  because the average English-speaking reader
  seeing Altay, Abay, etc. would pronounce
  these words ????? and ????, whereas Altai,
  Abai are clearly ????? and ????.

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?????? 23

• The purpose/objective is is followed by the
  infinitive verb in English.
• ??????? ???????????, ???????? to found,
  establish, set up (NOT create)
• ??????? ??????????? to take an active part
  (in) (better than actively participate)
• ??? ??? ??????????? What (NOT how) is it
  called?

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?????? 24

• ??????
• Appraisal is a formal assessment, such as an
  appraisal of an employees performance over the
  past year, so the meaning is narrow.
• In most contexts, I would use evaluation for
  ??????, or perhaps assessment and valuation
  for ?????? (?????????) ????????? etc.

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?????? 25

• ???????????? ??????
• Unfinished (or uncompleted, or half-finished)
  building
• ????????? ????? ?? ??????
• To release goods from a warehouse

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?????? 26

• Cognac and champagne
• Under EU law, only cognac and champagne produced
  in particular regions of France may be given
  these names. Therefore, strictly speaking there
  is no such thing as Armenian cognac. ??????
  and ?????????? should be translated brandy
  and sparkling wine to avoid offending our
  French friends. There have actually been court
  cases about this sort of thing!

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?????? 27

• Nursultan Nazarbayev
• President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
• (There should be no comma after his name unless
  his title is on the same line as his name.)

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?????? 28

• ??? ??? is usually called United Energy
  System in our newspapers.
• ?????????????? is more likely to be called
  electricity than electric power by
  non-scientists.

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?????? 29

• Commas
• In English there are not as many fixed rules
  governing commas as in Russian. In Russian a
  comma has a grammatical function, whereas in
  English a comma may simply indicate a pause (for
  added emphasis, or to take a breath!). For
  example
• In 1999 banks lent 730m tenge to companies.
• In 1999 pause for emphasis, banks lent 730m
  tenge to companies.
• It is a matter of personal choice.

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?????? 29 (???????????)

• Obviously, English does have punctuation rules
  it is wrong to use commas in many places where
  Russian demands (e.g. He said, that and
  Please, shut the door).

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• ?????????
• In our newspapers, the first time an official
  such as a government minister is mentioned, he or
  she is described in full (Defence Minister Yesen
  Topoyev OR Yesen Topoyev, Minister of
  Defence), but after that he/she is referred to
  by surname only Topoyev, not Mr Topoyev. The
  courtesy of Mr or Ms is extended only to
  ordinary people.

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?????? 31

• Initials
• You will not see peoples initials in newspapers,
  e.g. N.A. Nazarbayev, nut always Nursultan
  Nazarbayev (except in the case of a few people
  who prefer to be known by their initials always).