Additional Technical and Non-Technical Reduction Measures for Primary PM 10

1
Additional Technical and Non-Technical Reduction
Measures for Primary PM 10

• Overview
• Which sources are of relevance?
• What means additional?
• German background about removal efficiency of
  technical abatement systems for PM
• Proposals for additional technical and non-
  technical measures
• Summary/Conclusions for discussion

2
Which sources are of relevance?

• Major Source in the context of the UNECE
  HM-Protocol is a source which contributes gt1 of
  the Partys total PM
• - the list of relevant sources will vary from
  country to country
• - requires knowledge about the emission
  inventory
• - uncertainties about the contribution of
  various sources to air quality
• Annex II of the HM-Protocol is related to the
  Corinair/SNAP classification and contains
• 11 key source categories
• For PM 10 a further differentiation is necessary,
  i.e. process related, fuel related

3
Proposal for relevant Major Stationary Sources
for primary PM 10
Energy and Heating Combustion of fossil fuels in
utility and industrial boilers Small furnaces
and Domestic boilers, Residential
heating Processing of ferrous ores and primary
iron and steel industry Coke Production Sinter
Plants Pig Iron Production (Blast
Furnace) Open-Hearth Furnace Basic Oxygen
Furnace Electric Arc Furnace Iron and Steel
Foundries Non Ferrous Metals Industry Primary
Aluminium Secondary Aluminium Other Non-Ferrous
Metals Production Mineral Industry Cement
Production Lime, Gypsum Production Glass
Production Manufacture of Ceramic
Products Asphalt Production Other Stationary
Sources Storage and Handling of Bulk
Materials Waste Incineration Coal Briquettes
Production Fertilizer Production Production of
Carbon Black Production of Sugar
4
What means additional?

• new/emerging/available//existing/implemented/?
• Situation The implemented status of technical
  abatement techniques in UNECE and in particular
  in EECCA countries is very different.
• I.e The average daily TSP emission
  concentration in LCPs in Germany is below
• 20 mg/m3. For existing LCPs the limit value in
  the LCP-directive is 100 mg/m3 for LCPs below
  500 MW. BAT in the context of IPPC refers more
  and more to ranges of values
• In many cases IPPC requirements (BAT) are still
  an ambitious goal and can be regarded as
  additional in many cases (most EECCA countries?)
• The HM Protocol gives in Annex III general and
  specific technical options for reducing
  particulate bound HM which are applicable for PM
• The HM Protocol gives in Annex V limit values,
  which are applicable for PM and which can be a
  starting point for PM limit values
• Stating that additional means new in the sense of
  emerging the No. of applications will be limited
  probable processing uncertainties feasability
  and viability concerning additional measures will
  lead to much controversy Total PM reduction
  potential of those measures would be relatively
  low.
• Our understanding Additional is anything better
  than what we have!

5
Table 1 Summary of the Results of the German
measuring Programme for Stationary Sources
Industrial Sources Abatement technique PM mg/m3 Share of PM 10 Share of PM 2,5 Share of PM 1
Electric power generation, Industrial power generation, fabric filter 0,1 20 oftenlt 5 80 99 50 80 20 60 80 99 50 80 20 60 80 99 50 80 20 60
Crusher for rock, Chemical industry electrostatic precipitator 1 30 often lt 10 80 99 50 80 20 60 80 99 50 80 20 60 80 99 50 80 20 60
Cement industry Glass industry wet electrostatic precipitator lt 3 means gt95 70 45 means gt95 70 45 means gt95 70 45
Iron foundry, Production of fertilizer, high efficient wet scrubber 11 - 52 one value 803 means gt95 70 45 means gt95 70 45 means gt95 70 45
Ceramics- and Asphalt Cyclone2 16
Small scale firing unit 6 kW --------- 8 50 mean 90 100 mean 79 99 mean 70 95

1 amine-scubber in an iron foundry 2
combination with electrostatic pecipitator 3
combination cyclone with venturiscubber at a
cupola furnace
6
Table 2 Removal efficiencies of dust seperators
for PM 10
Raw gas Raw gas Raw gas Dust seperator Clean gas Clean gas Removal Efficiency
Industrial Source (e.g.) Share of PM 10 Share of PM 10 PM g/m3 share of PM 10 PM mg/m3
Industrial power generation, brown coal app. 20 app. 20 4 10 electrostatic precipitator 80 85 10 20 97,9 - 99,6
Fluidized bed combustion app. 20 app. 20 60 80 fabric filter app. 85 10 - 20 99,86 - 99,95
Melting furnaces for zinc scrap app. 20 app. 20 1 - 3 venturi scubber 80 - 98 10 - 40 81 - 98,5
Removal efficiency for state of the art dust separator Removal efficiency for state of the art dust separator Removal efficiency for state of the art dust separator Removal efficiency for state of the art dust separator Removal efficiency for state of the art dust separator Removal efficiency for state of the art dust separator Removal efficiency for state of the art dust separator Removal efficiency for state of the art dust separator
Other industrial sources including power generation 20 90 1 bis 100 (z.B. 10) 1 bis 100 (z.B. 10) fabric filter electrostatic precipitator high efficient wet scrubber 80 99 often gt 95 0,1 30 often lt10 95 - 99,999 often gt99
7
Figure 1 Size related efficiency of different
dust abatement systems (Fritz and Kern, 1990)
8
Additional Technical and Non-Technical Reduction
Measures for Primary PM 10

• Point sources
• - Upgrading of implemented reduction systems,
  disigning, maintainance
• - Combining ESP and FF to upgrade undersized
  ESPs (ENTEC)
• - ESP Removal Improvement by SO3 or watersteam
  conditioning, ultrasonic
• agglomeration and high voltage pulsation
• - Application of low-emission process
  technology, i.e. KSR-Technology for sek, Copper
• low emission poling for sek. Copper
• Diffuse process-emissions
• - Optimized collection of diffuse process
  emissions
• ( A German investigation project at a primary
  copper plant and a iron foundry showed that 80
  of total PM is emitted via roofline, windows and
  gates in a subsequently conducted investment
  project these emissions was reduced by app. 80
  due to a such called house in house- technology
  (housing of a converter leads to less offgas)

9
Additional Technical and Non-Technical Reduction
Measures for Primary PM 10

• Additional (Non)- technical Reduction Measures
• - Policy!
• - Additional energy saving efforts
• - Fuel switch where possible (to gaseous fuel,
  light fuel oil with 0,1 sulphor) 30
  PM 10 Reduction
• - EUP Guideline (Requirements for
  Massenprodukte, small combustion units)
• - Environmental labeling
• Targeting Storage and handling Technical and
  non-technical measures
• - Measures regarding the loading method, loading
  equipment, the loading site, solid substances
  Successful air quality management plans
  (Duisburger Hafen, local scale, short therm)
• BREF Storage Pre-primary approaches starts
  with production and extraction process and reduce
  the materials tendency to form dust (sieving,
  wetting, pelletizing etc.) (In the glass industry
  wet sand (humidity af about 5) can be delivered
  and processed to the furnace due to a furnace
  improvment.
• Primary approaches during handling and storage
  such as organisational, technical and
  constructional to prevent dust formation
• Secondary approaches Abatement techniques to
  limit dust distribution dust seperators

10
Conclusions for the discussion

• - Additional should not in particular focus on
  new or emerging
• - Additional also means implementing and
  improvement of existing abatement techniques
• - Stringent TSP limitation is better than
  requirements on the removal efficiency
  (measurement effort, raw gas, size fraction)
• - In many cases diffuse PM Emissions from
  processes and storage becomes more relevant than
  point source emissions
• - Available Fabric Filter, ESPs and optimized
  Wet Systems show high removal efficiencies for PM
  10 and PM 2,5
• - Additional Technical PM abatement means in
  particular an improvement in the off gas
  collection
• - HM-Protocol requirements can be used for PM but
  the source list should be enlarged and more
  differentiated
• - BAT in the context of IPPC is a good starting
  point
• - Initiate a research work to elaborate a
  technical PM - Annex

11
Table 3 PM 10 from Other Industrial Processes
(1996/2003/2010) (Baseline scenario)
Industrial Sector PM 10 t/a 1996 PM 10 t/a 2003 PM 10 t/a 2010
Metal Industry incl. Metal Processing 35900 33410 29230
Mineral Industry 135001 7050 6730
Mining and coal treatment 4800 2950 2900
Chemical Industry 4100 3900 3700
Paper, Wood Industry 2300 2000 1700
Feed- and Foodstuff Industry 800 560 500
Waste incineration 400 420 420
Total 61800 50290 45180

• 1) Over estimated emission in 1996 new
  evaluation of the emission factor for 2003

12
Table 4 German assessment Inventory for PM 10
for different stationary sectors (Baseline
scenario)
Stationary Source of Primary PM 10 Emissions 2003 PM 10 kt PM 10 Contribution of the sector 2010 PM 10 kt PM 10 Contribution of the sector
Other Industrial Processes 50,3 50 45,2 50,7
Electric Power Generation 11,2 11 9,1 10,2
Industrial Power Generation 2,9 3 2,4 2,7
Residental combustion3 22,1 22 20,9 23,5
Small scale firing units 4,8 5 4,3 4,8
Bulk Material Handling 9 9 7,2 8,1
Total 100,3 100 89,1 100

3 Plants covered by the 1st Ordinance unter the
Federal Immission Control Act (base year 1995)