Invertebrates III and Vertebrates

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Invertebrates III and Vertebrates
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Phylum Echinodermata

• Deuterostomes
• radial and indeterminate cleavage
• Enterocoelous
• anus from blastopore

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Phylum Echinodermata

• Secondary Radial Symmetry
• Water vascular system
• Ambulacral groove
• Madreporite
• All marine

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Water Vascular System

• Madreporite
• Stone Canal
• Ring Canal
• Radial Canal
• Lateral Canal
• Ampulla
• Tube Feet

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Classification

• Class Asteroidea (Seastars)
• Class Opiuroidea (Brittlestars)
• Class Echinoidea (Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars)
• Class Crinoidea (Sea Lilies)
• Class Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers)

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Class Asteroidea

• Five arms radiating from a central disc
• Open ambulacral groove
• Madreporite on the aboral side
• Contain pedicellariae or papulae

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Class Ophiuroidea

• Five thin arms radiating from a central disc
• Closed ambulacral grooves
• Madreporite on the oral side
• No suckers on tube feet, pedicellariae or papulae

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Class Echinoidea

• No arms but have five rows of tube feets
• Contain spines
• Closed ambulacral grooves
• Madreporite on the aboral side
• Contain pedicellariae or papulae
• Aristotles lantern

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Class Crinoidea

• Attached to substrate with many branched arms
• Open ambulacral grooves
• No Madreporite
• No pedicellariae or papulae

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Class Holothuroidea

• Soft bodied
• Ambulacral areas with tube feet
• Internal Madreporite
• No pedicellariae or papulae

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Phylum Chordata

• Deuterostomes
• radial and indeterminate cleavage
• Enterocoelous
• anus from blastopore
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Both invertebrates and vertebrates
• Contain four anatomical features

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Phylum Chordata

• Notochord
• Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
• Pharyngeal Slits
• Muscular, Postanal Tail

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SubPhylum Urochordata

• Tunicates
• Sessile
• Only contains Pharynx with slits as an adult

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SubPhylum Cephalochordata

• Lancelates
• Contains all four chordate characters as an adult
• Closest relative to vertebrates (Amphioxus)
• Paedogenesis

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SubPhylum Vertebrata

• Backbones
• Contains all four chordate characters as an adult
  with modification
• Neural Crest
• bones and cartilage of the skull

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Vertebrate Adaptations

• Living Endoskeleton
• better for larger animals
• Pharynx and Efficient Respiration
• increased metabolic rate
• Advanced Nervous System
• developed system for distance reception
• Paired Limbs
• increased movement

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Chordate Evolution

• Vertebrae
• Jaws and two sets of paired appendages
• Teeth
• Lungs
• Legs
• Amniotic Egg
• Hair, feathers

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Key Fish Characteristics

• Vertebral Column
• Jaws and paired appendages
• Gills
• Single Circuit blood circulation

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Superclass Agnatha

• Without Jaws and Most without paired appendages
• Class Myxini - Hagfishes (scavengers)
• Class Cephalaspidomorphi - Lampreys (parasitic)

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Superclass Gnathostomata

• With jaws
• Evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal
  slits

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Fossil Gnathostomata

• Placoderms
• Plate-skinned
• Acanthodians
• Probably led to bony fish

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Class Chondrichthyes
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Class Chondrichthyes

• Placoid Scales (teeth-like)
• Several rows of teeth
• (Not embedded in the jaw)

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Class Chondrichthyes

• Spiral valve within intestine
• Large fatty liver
• Senses
• Ampullae of Lorenzini
• Lateral Line

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Class Chondrichthyes

• Cartilaginous skeleton (not primitive)
• Subclass Elasmobranchi
• Sharks, Skates, Rays
• Subclass Holostei
• Ratfish

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Subclass Elasmobranchi

• Order Selachidae
• Sharks

• Cartilagenous skeleton
• Streamlined body
• 5-7 gill slits

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Subclass Elasmobranchi

• Order Batiformes
• Skates, Rays

• Cartilagenous skeleton
• flattened body
• 5-6 gill slits on the underside of the body

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Subclass Holocephali

• Cartilagenous skeleton
• Lack dermal scales
• Venomous spine
• single gill opening with hard covering

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Osteichthyes - Bony Fish(Bony Skeleton)

• ClassSarcopterygii
• Lobe-finned Fish
• Lungfish
• Class Actinopterygii
• Ray-finned Fish

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Osteichthyes

• Embedded dermal (ctenoid) scales
• Operculum
• Swim Bladder
• Lateral Line

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Osteichthyes

• Fins
• Dorsal
• Pectoral
• Pelvic
• Caudal
• Anal

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ClassSarcopterygiiLobe-finned FishSubclass
Coelacanthiomorpha

• Coelocanth
• Fleshy pectoral and anal fins which are supported
  by bones.

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ClassSarcopterygiiLobe-finned FishSubclass
Dipnoi

• Lungfish
• Fleshy fins
• True lungs

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Class Actinopterygii

• Infraclass Holostei
• (Primitive fish)
• Order Lepisoteriformes - Bowfins
• Order Amiiformes - Gars
• Bowfins
• Gar

• They are found in brackish conditions. They can
  use their swim bladders to obtain extra oxygen.

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Class ActinopterygiiInfraclass Teleostei

• In this infraclass, all of the fish are
  considered to be the ray-finned fish. They have
  a movable maxilla and premaxilla and modified
  muscles that allow them to have a protrusable
  mouth.

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Class ActinopterygiiInfraclass Teleostei

• Superorder Osteoglossomorpha
• Superorder Elopomorpha
• Superorder Clupeomorpha
• Superorder Ostariphysi

• Superorder Protacanthopterygii
• Superorder Stenopterygii
• Superorder Scopelomorpha
• Superorder Acanthopterygii

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Superorder Osteoglossomorpha Bony Tongued Fish

• The Bony tongue is used to bite against.
• They are also found in brackish conditions.
  They can use their swim bladders to obtain extra
  oxygen.

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Superorder Elopomorpha Eels

• They are snakelike with long bodies. Unlike land
  snakes, eels are usually scale less, although a
  few species can be found with tiny scales along
  their bodies. Over 100 vertebrae form the eel's
  spine, which makes the animal very flexible.

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Superorder ClupeomorphaClupeiformes

• This is the order of ray-finned fish that
  includes the herring family and the anchovy
  family. Clupeiformes are physostomes, which means
  that the gas bladder has a pneumatic duct
  connecting it to the gut. They typically lack a
  lateral line.

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Superorder Ostariphysii

• These fish release an alarm substance and their
  first few vertebrates are used to pass sound from
  the swim bladder to the inner ear for acute
  hearing. They also have a gas bladder.

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Superorder Protacanthopterygii

• These are fish that lack specialization. They
  are important game fish like Salmon and Trout

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Superorder Stenopterygii

• Dragonfish are deep water fish. Many deep sea
  fish are biouminescent

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Superorder Scopelomorpha

• Lantern fish are deep water fish. Many deep sea
  fish are bioluminescent. They have large eyes
  and adipose fins.

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Superorder Acanthopterygii

• Ray-finned Fish they make up of a very diverse
  group of fish which usually have a Pelvic fin
  spine present.

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Evolution of the Tetrapods
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Evolution of the Tetrapods
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Deep Sea Fish

• Deep sea fish are among the most elusive and
  unusual looking creatures on Earth.