Analisi quantitativa delle sequenze di DNA

1
Analisi quantitativa delle sequenze di DNA

• Vincenzo Nigro
• Dipartimento di Patologia Generale
• Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli

Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine
(TIGEM)
2
(No Transcript)
3
ACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCG
ACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCA
CACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACG
TAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTG
AAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGT
GCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACAC
ACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACC
GCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGG
GCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAAC
AGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTA
GCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACAC
AGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTC
GAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTC
TCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCT
CCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTA
GCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGAT
ATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGA
CCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGA
TATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGA
CACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTC
CTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATAT
AGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTG
ACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATA
GCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACA
GCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCT
CGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCG
CTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCT
GACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTC
GCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTC
GCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAG
ACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCC
CTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACC
GTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGAC
ACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACA
CCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGAACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAG
GGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAA
CAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCT
AGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACA
CAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCT
CGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCT
CTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGC
TCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCT
AGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGA
TATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAG
ACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCG
ATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCG
ACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCT
CCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATA
TAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCT
GACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATAT
AGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACAC
AGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTC
TCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGC
GCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACC
TGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCT
CGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCT
CGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGA
GACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTC
CCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGAC
ACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCG
ACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCA
CACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTC
GCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTC
GCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAG
ACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCC
CTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACA
CGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGA
CACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCAC
ACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGT
AGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGA
AACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTG
CTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACA
CACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCG
CTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGCGAGACGT
AGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGA
AACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTG
CTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACA
CACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCG
CTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGG
CTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACA
GCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAG
CTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGAC
ACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACA
CCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTA
GGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAA
ACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGC
TAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACAC
ACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGC
TCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGC
TCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAG
CTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGC
TAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAG
ATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGA
GACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTC
GATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCC
GACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGC
TCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATAT
ATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGC
TCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTG
ACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGC
TCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGC
TCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCG
AGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCT
CCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGA
CACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGC
GACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGC
ACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGAC
GTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCT
GAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACG
TGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACA
CACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACAC
CGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAG
GGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAA
CAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCT
AGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACA
CAGATATATAGCGGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAG
ATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGA
GATAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACAC
ACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACC
GCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGG
GCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCG
ATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCG
ACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCT
CCTCTCGACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGAT
ATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGA
CCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGA
TATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGA
CACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAG
GGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAA
CAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCT
AGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACA
CAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATAT
ATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACC
TGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCG
ATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCG
ACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCT
CCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATA
TAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCT
TAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACAC
ACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGC
TCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGC
TCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGAT
ATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGAC
ACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCC
TCTCGACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATAT
ATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACC
TGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATA
TAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACA
CAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGG
CTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATTATAGCTCGCGACACACA
CAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATAT
ATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACC
TGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCG
ATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCG
ACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCT
CCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATA
TAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCT
TAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACAC
ACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGC
TCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTTATAG
CTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGA
CACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCAC
ACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACGAGA
CGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCC
TGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACAC
GTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGAC
ACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACA
CCGCTCGAGACCTTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATA
GCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACA
GCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCT
CGAGACGTAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATAT
ATAGCGGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATA
GCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGATAGCT
AGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGA
TATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAG
ACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCG
ATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGC
TCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGC
TCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCG
ACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGC
GCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACC
TGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCT
CGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCT
CGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTC
GATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCC
GACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGC
TCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATAT
ATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGC
TCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTG
ACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGC
TCGCCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTC
GCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTC
GCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAC
GAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGC
TCACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCG
CGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCG
CACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGA
CGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCC
TGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACAC
GTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGAC
ACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACA
CCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTA
GGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAA
ACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGC
TAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACAC
ACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGC
TCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGC
TCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAG
CTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGC
TAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAG
ATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGA
GACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTC
GATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGA
4
ACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCG
ACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCA
CACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACG
TAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTG
AAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGT
GCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACAC
ACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACC
GCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGG
GCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAAC
AGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTA
GCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACAC
AGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTC
GAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTC
TCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCT
CCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTA
GCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGAT
ATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGA
CCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGA
TATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGA
CACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTC
CTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATAT
AGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTG
ACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATA
GCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACA
GCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCT
CGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCG
CTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCT
GACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTC
GCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTC
GCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAG
ACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCC
CTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACC
GTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGAC
ACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACA
CCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGAACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAG
GGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAA
CAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCT
AGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACA
CAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCT
CGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCT
CTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGC
TCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCT
AGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGA
TATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAG
ACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCG
ATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCG
ACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCT
CCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATA
TAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCT
GACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATAT
AGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACAC
AGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTC
TCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGC
GCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACC
TGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCT
CGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCT
CGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGA
GACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTC
CCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGAC
ACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCG
ACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCA
CACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTC
GCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTC
GCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAG
ACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCC
CTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACA
CGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGA
CACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCAC
ACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGT
AGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGA
AACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTG
CTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACA
CACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCG
CTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGCGAGACGT
AGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGA
AACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTG
CTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACA
CACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCG
CTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGG
CTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACA
GCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAG
CTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGAC
ACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACA
CCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTA
GGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAA
ACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGC
TAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACAC
ACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGC
TCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGC
TCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAG
CTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGC
TAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAG
ATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGA
GACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTC
GATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCC
GACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGC
TCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATAT
ATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGC
TCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTG
ACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGC
TCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGC
TCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCG
AGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCT
CCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGA
CACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACTATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGC
TCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACCGAGACGTAGG
GCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAAC
AGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTA
GCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACAC
AGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTC
GAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTC
TCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCT
CCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTA
GCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGAT
ATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGA
CCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGA
TATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGA
CACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTC
CTCTCGAGCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGAT
ATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGA
CCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGA
TATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGA
CACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTC
CTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATAT
AGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTG
ACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGCGAGACGTAGGGCTCT
CGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTC
CGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAG
CTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATA
TATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGAC
CTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGAT
ATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGAC
ACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCC
TCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATA
GCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGA
CCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAG
CTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAG
CTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTC
GAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGC
TCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTG
ACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCG
CGACACACACAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACA
CACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCG
CTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACGAGACGTA
GGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAA
ACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGC
TAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACAC
ACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGC
TCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGC
TCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAG
CTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGC
TAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAG
ATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGA
GACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTC
GATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCC
GACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGC
TCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATAT
ATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACC
TGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATA
TAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAG
CTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAG
CTCGCACACCGCTCGAGATAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCG
ATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCG
ACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCT
CCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATA
TAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCT
CCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGA
CACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCT
CGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCT
CGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGA
GACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTC
CCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTTAGCTAGC
TCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATAT
ATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACC
TGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATA
TAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCG
CGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCG
CACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACG
AGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCT
CCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGA
CACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGC
GACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGC
ACACCGCTCGAGACCTTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGAT
ATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGAC
ACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCC
TCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATA
GCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCC
CTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACA
CGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCG
CGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCG
CACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGA
CGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCC
TGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTTAGCTAGCTC
CTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATTA
TAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCG
CGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCG
CACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGACG
AGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCT
CCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGA
CACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGC
GACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGC
ACACCGCTCGAGACCTTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGAT
ATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGAC
ACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCC
TCTCGAGACGTTATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGTAGGGCTC
TCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCT
CCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTA
GCTCCTCTCGACGAGACGTAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACA
GATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTCCGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCG
AGACCTGACCTGACACGTGCTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACGTAGGGCTCT
CGATATAGCTCGCGACACACACAGATATATAGCGCTCCCTGAAACAGCTC
CGACACAGCTCGCACACCGCTCGAGACCTTAGCTAGCTCCTCTCGAGACG
TAGGGCTCTCGATATAGCTCGCGA
Copy Number Variation 10 of the human genome
could vary in copy number
1
2
5
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6
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7
grandi delezioni
8
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9
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10
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11
Ipotesi sulla variabilità del fenotipo di 6
individui diversi in caso di trisomia 21 in
presenza di varianti alleliche
fenotipo
Livello di espressione
12
dominanza e recessività

• in genetica, il carattere (o lallele) è
  dominante se leterozigote è indistinguibile
  dallomozigote
• in medicina la malattia è
• dominante fenotipo clinicamente manifesto con 1
  allele mutato
• recessiva fenotipo clinicamente manifesto con 2
  alleli mutati (omozigote o eterozigote composto)

13
5 effetti di un alleleamorfo e ipomorfo causati
dalle delezioni

• nullo o amorfo nessun prodotto genico
• ipomorfo ridotta quantità/attività
• ipermorfo aumentata quantità/attività
• neomorfo nuova quantità/attività
• antimorfo quantità/attività antagonistica
  (dominante negativo)

14
Nella condizione A un fenotipo si osserva solo se
entrambi gli alleli sono colpiti (omozigosi o
eterozigosi composta) Nella condizione B si
osserva un fenotipo già in eterozigosi per
aploinsufficienza
15
In caso di delezioni del cromosoma X nei maschi
si osserva direttamente in fenotipo come sindrome
da geni contigui In caso di delezioni autosomiche
in eterozigosi molto spesso il dosaggio dimezzato
non è causa di malattia. Quando si osserva una
sindrome da delezione, è risolutivo trovare la
stessa sindrome causata da una mutazione
puntiforme in uno solo dei geni. Se questo non
cè mai, la sindrome esiste solo come somma di
più difetti
16
Malattie autosomiche dominanti causate da
delezioni

• basi biochimiche delle delezioni dominanti
• il livello dimezzato di prodotto genico è
  insufficiente a mantenere il fenotipo
• il difetto eterozigote diviene omozigote a
  livello delle cellule dei tessuti periferici
  (LOH)
• Un solo allele è espresso per imprinting
  dellaltro

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18
aploinsufficienza

• insufficiente quantità di prodotto genico causata
  da una mutazione in eterozigosi
• la mutazione è di tipo allele amorfo o ipomorfo
• colpisce geni per i quali il 50 di prodotto
  genico non è abbastanza per garantirne la
  funzione
• spesso un dosaggio preciso è richiesto ai fattori
  di trascrizione e alle molecole di segnale
  espressi nel corso dello sviluppo

19
Williams-Beuren

• prevalenza alla nascita 1/7500-1/20.000, ma può
  non essere diagnosticata

20
Williamsuna delezione tipica
21
Williamsgenetica

• delezione de novo
• trasmissione autosomica dominante
• delezione di 1.6MB da 21 geni contigui in
  eterozigosi a 7q11.23
• gene dellelastina
• LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1)
• CLIP-115 che lega i microtubuli
• Fattori di trascrizione GTF2I e GTF2IRD1
• effetto posizionale su altri geni circostanti la
  delezione

22
WilliamsFISH delezione 7q11.23

• rilevabile mediante FISH ma non cariotipo

23
Wolf-Hirschhorngenetica

• delezione de novo di circa 4MB
• le delezioni sono più frequenti nella linea
  germinale maschile
• trasmissione autosomica dominante
• Regione critica di 165 kb di molti geni contigui
  in eterozigosi a 4p16.3

24
Wolf-Hirschhorn

• Scarso accrescimento
• Ritardo mentale, ipotonia
• Labbro leporino
• Conformazione ad elmo di guerriero greco

25
Sindrome 5p- (cri du chat)150.000 nati

• Pianto acuto e flebile
• Caratteristiche principali
• Ritardo di crescita
• Microcefalia ed ipertelorismo
• Ipotonia, diastasi dei retti
• Deficit intellettivo e del linguaggio

26
Sindrome 18q-

• ipotonia
• microcefalia
• ipoplasia della regione centrale del volto
• ritardo mentale e sordità

27
Imprinting
28
Imprinting

• Nelle cellule germinali primordiali limprinting
  viene cancellato del tutto e il DNA è demetilato
• Successivamente nella linea germinale maschile si
  determina un pattern di imprinting che in alcuni
  loci è complementare a quello della linea
  germinale femminile
• I cromosomi su cui avviene limprinting (7, 11,
  15) manterranno questo pattern e lo riprodurranno
  ad ogni mitosi
• Si potranno sempre distinguere lespressione
  genica del cromosoma materno e paterno

29
Disomia uniparentale

• Due copie dello stesso cromosoma sono ereditate
  dallo stesso genitore
• Spesso questo avviene attraverso un fenomeno
  transitorio di trisomia, seguito dalla perdita
  del cromosoma singolo e mantenimento del
  cromosoma doppio

30
Angelman

• 70 dei casi delezione della regione cromosomica
  15q11-q13, che è soggetta al fenomeno
  dell'imprinting del cromosoma paterno
• Il gene materno (l'unico espresso) può essere
  alterato con 4 meccanismi noti
• delezione
• disomia uniparentale paterna
• difetti nell'imprinting
• mutazioni a carico del gene UBE3A (ubiquitin
  ligasi)
• La diagnosi è clinica e il difetto genetico non
  si identifica nel 20 dei casi

31
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32
Angelman

• "happy puppet syndrome" si può identificare in
  Cucciolo (Dopey) "addormentato", il più giovane
  dei nani che non ha mai imparato a parlare
• ritardo mentale con assenza del linguaggio,
  difficoltà nell'equilibrio, eccessivo buon umore

33
Angelman

• L'incidenza è 1/20.000 nati
• crisi epilettiche e comunque alterazioni dell'EEG
  e microcefalia relativa

34
Prader-Willi

• iperfagiagtobesità
• eccessiva assunzione di liquidi
• reazioni abnormi ai sedativi
• acromicria, criptorchidismo
• insensibilità al dolore, lesioni cutanee
• sbalzi di umore

35
Prader-Willi
1/15.000
36
Distrofia muscolare Duchenne/Becker

• DMD Duchenne - 1/3,500 maschi
• Insorgenza -- Infanzia - tra 2 e 6 anni
• Sintomi Debolezza generalizzata e danno
  muscolare prima agli arti e al tronco, polpacci
  ingrossati
• Progressione Lenta ma inesorabile. Colpisce
  tutti i muscoli volontari. Sopravvivenza fino a
  25-30 anni
• BMD Becker - 1/10,000 maschi
• Insorgenza Adolescenza o dopo
• Sintomi Identici alla DMD ma più attenuati. Vi
  è coinvolgimento cardiaco significativo
• Progressione Più lenta e più variabile della
  distrofia di Duchenne con buona aspettativa di
  vita

37
Le delezioni intrageniche del gene della
distrofina mandano fuori cornice la lettura delle
triplette quando gli esoni cancellati contenevano
un numero di nucleotidi che non è multiplo esatto
di tre (1,2,4,5,7,8,10,11 ecc). Questo causa la
distrofia di Duchenne
38
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39
Le delezioni intrageniche che non alterano la
cornice di lettura portano alla distrofia
muscolare di Becker o ad un apparente buona
salute. Forniscono informazioni per preparare
delle microdistrofine per la terapia genica
40
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41
Perdita di eterozigosità LOH (loss of
heterozygosity)
42
Nomenclatura delle delezioni

• Le delezioni sono designate con la sigla del che
  segue i numeri dei nucleotidi a monte e a valle
  della delezione separatida un segno _
• 82_83del (o 82_83delTG) indica una delezione di
  TG nella sequenza ACTTTGTGCC (dove A è il
  nucleotide 76) che diventa ACTTTGCC

43
MLPA probes
44
Hybridization

1. The MLPA probemix is added to denatured genomic
   DNA
2. The two parts of each probe hybridise to adjacent
   target sequences

45
ligation

• 3. Probes are ligated by a thermostable ligase

46
PCR amplification

• A universal primer pair is used to amplify all
  ligated probes
• The PCR product of each probe has a unique
  length (130 480 bp)

47
separation and quantification by capillary
electrophoresis
Each peak is the amplification product of a
specific probe. Samples are compared to a
control sample. A difference in relative peak
height or peak area indicates a copy number
change of the probe target sequence
48
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49
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50
detection of Chr X copy number
X
51
MLPA discriminates sequences that differ in only
a single nucleotide and can be used to detect
known mutations
Mismatch
Perfect match
Ligation of the two probe oligonucleotides ?
Amplification product
Mismatch at the probe ligation site ? No
ligation, no amplification product
52
MS-MLPA
Only undigested (methylated) and ligated probes
are exponentially amplified
53
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54
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55
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