Epenthetic

1
Epenthetic S in Korean Morphology

• And aspirated
• and reinforced consonants
• Daniel Rasband
• Brigham Young University

2
Korean Assimilation
Phoneme 1 Phoneme 1 Phoneme 1 Phoneme 1 Phoneme 1 P 2 P 3
_ V_V, N_V V_N _ _C -tense, -aspiration Tensed Aspirated
? /k/ /g/ /?/ /k?/ /kCC/ ? /k/ ? /kh/
? /t/ /d/ /n/ /t?/ /tCC/ ?/t/ ? /th/
? /p/ /b/ /m/ /p?/ /pCC/ ? /p/ ? /ph/
? /s/ /s/ /n/ /t?/ /tCC/ ? /s/ Ø
3
Hunminjeongeum (????)
4
Modern Hangul (??)
? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ??
? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???
? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???
??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????
??? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???
??? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???
???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???
?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????
?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??
?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ???
?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???
?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???
??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???
?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??
5
What is Sai-sios?

• Noun-binding
• Reinforcing
• /?/ /s/ ?
• /nn/ before high front vowel
• /d/ before other vowels
• -gt /kk/, /pp/, /tt/, /ss/ before the respective
  consonant

6
Aspirated and Tensed Consonants
7
Two Sides

• Standard Orthography

• Nonstandard Forms

• Sai-sios should not be used before aspirated
  consonants or tensed consonants.
• The National Institute of the Korean Language
• No (significant) Pronunciation Change
• Sai-sios not explicit in other words (where the
  pronunciation does change).

• Misspellings
• Analogy
• Valid Morpheme (has a morpho-semantic function
  and therefore there is no need to omit it from
  standardized spellings)

8
Methodology

• Morphological Analysis of Compound Words
• Analysis of Corpus Data
• Great Dictionary of Standard Korean (?????????)
• Malmungchi
• Google, Naver, Daum

9
Analysis

• 24 words from each group
• Morphological Parse
• Internet search
• Compare

10
Words
Group 1 Group 1 Group 2 Group 2
twi-s-kan latrine twi-kkuth the end
twi-s-keli back street twi-ttang the pieces behind the front in yuchnoli
twi-s-kewul back mirror twi-ppwuli back root (of spine)
twi-s-kelum back step twi-ccok backside
twi-s-kol back of the head twi-cha car in the rear
twi-s-kolmok back alley twi-chang rear window
twi-s-kwumeng back hole twi-cheli after-measures
twi-s-kwi back of the ear twi-chwuk heel of shoe
twi-s-kulwu back stump twi-chwum rear pant waist
twi-s-kulimca rear shadow twi-chung floor in the rear
twi-s-kul afterward (in book) twi-kho rear nose on needle
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Words continued
twi-s-kil back road twi-thal later trouble
twi-s-namwu tree in the back twi-thay figure from rear
twi-s-nal later days twi-thayto figure from rear
twi-s-tali back leg twi-thek back edge
twi-s-tam back fence twi-thongswu back of the head
twi-s-ton off-the-books money twi-thum back gap
twi-s-tongney back neighborhood twi-phan back plate
twi-s-matang back yard twi-phyen back side
twi-s-mamwuli finish twi-phyoci back cover
twi-s-maul back village twi-phwuli entertainment after a ceremony
twi-s-mal backbiting twi-phwum shoulder width of garment
twi-s-mas aftertaste twi-heli rear waist
twi-s-mosup figure from behind twi-hyokwa after effect
12
Percentages
13
Conclusions

• Morphological parse shows that the words with
  aspirated and tensed consonants are of the same
  category morpho-semantically as the words with
  the sai-sios.
• Words with the aspirated and tensed consonants
  very often misspelled by native Korean speakers
• There is something more to the sai-sios than just
  a pronunciation change.

14
Further Work

• Speech Corpora (Phonetic Analysis)
• Other Problems with the Epenthetic S'
• More Corpora
• Better Querying Functionality

15
References

• AUM, TAE SU (2006). Examination into Modern
  Koreans Sai-sios. International Language and
  Literature 38. International Society of Language
  and Literature. 165-200.
• -(2007). The Sai-Siot Phenomena and Hangeul
  Orthography. The Society of Poetics and
  Linguistics. Poetics and Linguistics. 13, 1,
  239-289.
• DAUM. http//www.daum.net/ (accessed on April 1,
  2008).
• GIM, CHANGSEOP (1996). The Formation and
  Structure of Words in Korean. Doctorate Thesis.
  Seoul University. 1-54.
• GOOGLE. http//www.google.com/ (accessed on April
  1, 2008).
• GWON, YONGGYEONG (2001). Diachronic Studies of
  the Sai-sios in Korean. Doctorate Thesis. Seoul
  University. 3-6.
• HA, SE KYEONG, MOON, YANG SOO (2005). Optimality
  Theoretic Approach for "Sai-Sori" Phenomena in
  Korean. The Linguistic Society of Korea.
  Linguistics 41, 1, 267-304.
• - (2006). Morphophonological Theory of the
  Saissoli Phenomenon in Modern Korean. Doctorate
  Thesis. Seoul University.
• IM, HONGBIN (1981). For the Resolution of the
  Sai-sios problem. Korean Language Studies 10,
  1-35.
• JEON, CHEOLWUNG (1990). Sai-sios. Seoul
  University Graduate School Society Publications.
  How Far Has Korean Language Research Come? Donga
  Publishers. 186-194.
• MALMWUNGCHI. http//www.sejong.or.kr/ (accessed
  on April 1, 2008).
• NAVER. http//www.naver.com/ (accessed on April
  1, 2008).
• NIKL. Language Regulations. The National
  Institute of the Korean Language.
  http//www.korean.go.kr/. (Accessed on March 29,
  2008).
• NIKL (2001). The Great Dictionary of Standard
  Korean CD-Rom. The National Institute of the
  Korean Language. The Ministry of Culture and
  Tourism.