Vertebrate Classes All in Chordate Phylum

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Vertebrate ClassesAll in Chordate Phylum
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All vertebrates have

• Bilateral symmetry
• Fully developed coelom with organs
• Closed circulatory system
• Endoskeleton with spinal cord

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Vertebrate Classes

• Fish
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Birds
• Mammals

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Types of Fish
Lamprey and hagfish (jawless)
bony fish
Shark (cartilage)
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Lampreys/HagfishJawless Fish

• Lampreys attach to fish-parasites
• Have round sucker like mouths
• Hagfish are Scavengers of dead and dying fish on
  ocean bottom

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Sharks, Skates, Rays

• Jaws
• The sharks mouth has 6 to 20 rows of
  backward-pointing teeth
• Some can detect blood from an injured animal as
  far as 500 miles away
• No swim bladder

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Bony Fish

• Most are familiar fishes and include snake-like
  eels, salmon, trout, bass, herring, and lantern
  fish
• (most fish we eat)

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Bony Fish

• Fishes are the most numerous of all vertebrates
  and most widespread in their distribution
• Ectothermic

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Obtain Oxygen

• Fish obtain O2 through their gills
• Fish can extract 85 of the
• oxygen passing over the gills
• Blood goes to the gills, is oxygenated and sent
  to all parts of the body
• Single loop circulation in fish

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Fish have a two chambered heart blood is passed
over the gills where it picks up oxygen and gets
rid of carbon dioxide.
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Fish - 2 chamber heart

• 1 atrium makes sure blood is always available
  for ventricle
• 1 ventricle pumps blood to gills and then
  to the body

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2 chamber heart

• Some problems
• Slow delivery
• MUCH more energy required to move on land (or in
  air) more O2 needed faster

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Fish Reproduction

• Usually external fertilization
• Large numbers of eggs are fertilized during
  Spawning when fish reproduce

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Salmon Video at National Geographic
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Cartilage Fish
Barndoor skate (Dipturus laevis)

• Ectothermic
• Sharks, Skates and Rays fertilization is
  internal-most are born live
• Some sharks lay eggs

Skate
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Variety of Rays
There are many different types of rays including
stingrays, electric rays, butterfly rays,
round rays, manta rays, guitarfish, and
sawfish.
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Early aquatic adaptations

• Teeth (everyone) evolved from skin
• shift from scavenging
• to predation (lampreys)
• Jaws (sharks and bony fish)
• provide chewing / biting force

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Later aquatic adaptations

• Bony fish evolve swim bladder
• --air bag that allows fish to move up and
  down in water-called buoyancy
• --sharks sink when not swimming
• Swim bladder adapted to be lungs on land

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Transitional fish / amphibian?

• Tiktaalik roseae

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Amphibians
Salamander
Frog
Toad
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Amphibians on land

• Four legs to walk on land-These are adapted fish
  fins at right angles from body
• Ectotherms- Body temperature the same as the
  surrounding temperature.
• Hibernate or Estivate depending on climate

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3 Chamber Heart

• O2 through lungs and moist skin called cutaneous
  respiration
• 2 atria 1 from body (deoxygenated), 1 from
  lungs (oxygenated)
• 1 ventricle pumps blood to lungs and body

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3 chamber heart

• Problem solved
• Blood getting to body cells faster (heart pumps
  directly to body)
• New problem
• Deoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood
  in atria

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Amphibian limitations

• Must live in wet areas for 2 reasons
• 1) External fertilization - Reproduce in water
  (lay eggs there)
• egg ? tadpole ? young frog ? adult frog- called
• Metamorphosis
• 2) Go to water to keep skin moist

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Bullfrogs Eat Everything
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Reptiles
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Reptiles
turtle
crocodile
snake
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Adaptation-Claws

• Strong, bony skeletons and toes with claws
• Claws-aid in climbing, digging and movement in
  various terrains

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More Reptile Adaptations

• Adaptations evolved which allow reptiles to live
  totally on land.
• 1) Scales to prevent water loss
• 2) Laying eggs that can survive on land
  amniotic egg
• Internal fertilization

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Reptilian Scales
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Eggs

• Amniotic egg has all the water and nutrients
  inside for embryo to survive

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Reptile limitations

• Must live in warm areas
• Limited by ectothermy

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Regulating body temperature

• Ectotherm (cold-blooded)
• animal does not maintain a constant body
  temperature
• Outside Temp Body Temp

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Ectothermy

• Become sluggish in very cold temperature
• Bask in the sun or seek shade

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Ectothermy

• Pros
• No energy needed to keep warm inside

• Cons
• Restricted to warm climates only
• Active only during day

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Heart

• Heart of most Reptiles-3 chambers
• Still incomplete separation of oxygen-rich and
  oxygen-poor blood
• Crocodiles and alligators
• have a ventricle that is totally separated
  into two pumping chambers-4 chambers

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Circulation

• Double loop circulation

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Transitional bird / reptile

• Archaeopteryx

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Birds
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Birds

• Adaptations
• Flight
• Feathers, wings, hollow bones, no
• teeth
• Amniotic Egg like reptiles

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Endothermy

• Endotherm (warm-blooded) keeping a constant
  body
• temperature
• Pros
• Can be active even in colder biomes
• Can be active at night
• (nocturnal predators)
• Cons
• Requires lots of energy
• (must find food often)

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Hummingbirds
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4 chamber heart
2 atria 1 from body (deoxygenated), 1 from
lungs (oxygenated) 2 ventricles 1 pumps to
lungs , 1 pumps to body
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4 chamber heart

• Even more energy needed for cells
• Birds energy for flight
• Mammals energy for large brains
• NO mixture of blood in 4 chamber heart

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Another comparison
3 chamber heart (mixing problem)
4 chamber heart (no mixing problem)
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Digestive and Excretory system

• Food passes from the mouth cavity straight to the
  esophagus.
• The crop stores and moistens food.
• Then passes through the gizzard, a muscular organ
  that kneads and crushes the food

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Respiratory System

• Air enters nostrils at base of beak?Down trachea
  past song box?enters two primary bronchii?to
  lungs?
• 75 bypasses the lungs and flows directly to
  posterior to sacs?sacs connect with air spaces in
  bones, filling the hollow bones with air.
• When bird exhales the carbon dioxide rich air
  from the lungs, oxygen rich air is forced out of
  the posterior air sacs into lungs.

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Transitional reptile / mammal

• Egg-laying Mammals
• Platypus

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Evolution andAdaptations
Mammals belong to the class Mammalia, which
includes 4000 species Most dominant land animals
on earth.
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Circulatory System

• Mammalian heart has 4 chambers
• Mammals have a muscle , the diaphragm that aids
  in lung breathing

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• Two feature that distinguish Mammals from other
  vertebrates are that they all have hair and
  mammary glands that produce milk.

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Mammal Orders

• There are 19 orders of mammals in the class
  Mammalia in which 17 nourish unborn young in the
  placenta, egg laying monotremes and marsupials

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Marsupials

• Marsupials give birth to tiny immature young that
  crawl to a pouch on the mothers belly immediately
  after they are born.

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Characteristics of Placental Mammals

• Placental mammals carry unborn young in the
  uterus until young can survive in the wild.
• Oxygen and nutrients are transferred from
  mothers blood to babys blood

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Placental Characteristics

• The placenta is a membrane providing nutrients
  and waste gas exchange between the mother and
  developing young
• Gestation period is the time which mammals
  develop in mothers uterus

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Mammals
Hairy Saki-Monkey

• Also endothermic
• Hair helps to insulate, maintain internal body
  temperature

Paraguaian Hairy Dwarf Porcupine
Hairy Armadillo
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Mammals

• Large brain size (learning / communicating)
• Challenge time needed for brain development
• Solution longer gestation period in mom and
  intensive parental care early on (including milk
  from mammary glands)

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• The End