Splash Screen

1
Splash Screen
2
Section 1-7
Nationalism and the System of Alliances

• Liberals during the first half of the 1800s hoped
  that the formation of European nation-states
  would lead to peace. ?

• However, the imperialist states that emerged
  during the second half of the 1800s became highly
  competitive over trade and colonies.

(pages 717718)
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Section 1-8
Nationalism and the System of Alliances (cont.)

• Two main alliances divided Europe The Triple
  Alliance (1882) was made up of Germany,
  Austria-Hungary, and Italy and the Triple
  Entente (1907) was made up of France, Great
  Britain, and Russia.

(pages 717718)
4
Section 1-9
Nationalism and the System of Alliances (cont.)

• During the early 1900s, several crises erupted,
  particularly in the Balkans, which created a
  great deal of anger and tension between the
  nations of the two alliances. ?

• Each nation was willing to go to war to preserve
  its power.

(pages 717718)
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5
Section 1-10
Nationalism and the System of Alliances (cont.)

• European ethnic groups, such as Slavs in the
  Balkans and the Irish in the British Empire,
  dreamed of creating their own national states,
  which also increased tensions in Europe.

(pages 717718)
6
Section 1-12
Internal Dissent

• Another source of strife in Europe was dissent
  within nations. ?

• As socialist labor movements became more
  powerful, they used strikes to achieve their
  goals, which led to unrest. ?
• Conservative national leaders feared that
  revolutions would break out. ?
• Some historians believe that these leaders may
  have been willing to go to war in order to
  suppress internal dissent.

(pages 718)
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7
Section 1-15
Militarism

• After 1900 there was a huge increase in the size
  of European armies, which increased tensions
  among nations. ?

• Conscriptioncompulsory service in the
  militarywas common in Europe before 1914. ?
• Between 1890 and 1914 European armies doubled in
  size. ?
• The numbers of soldiers in European armies were
  Russia, 1.3 million France and Germany, 900,000
  each Britain, Italy, and Austria-Hungary,
  250,000 to 500,000 each.

(pages 718719)
8
Section 1-27
Militarism (cont.)

• Prior to 1914, European countries aggressively
  prepared for war. ?

• This militarism led to the increased power of
  military leaders, who created complex war plans.
  ?
• Because powerful military leaders did not want to
  alter their war plans, they greatly limited the
  choices of political leaders in time of
  international crisis.

(pages 718719)
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9
Section 1-20
The Outbreak of War Summer 1914

• While militarism, nationalism, and the desire to
  control internal dissent all had a part in
  starting World War I, the outbreak of fighting
  stemmed directly from events in the Balkans in
  1914.

(pages 719720)
10
Section 1-21

• States in southeastern Europe had long struggled
  for independence from the Ottoman Empire. ?

• Russia and Austria-Hungary competed for control
  of these new states. ?
• In 1914, Serbia wanted to form a large Slavic
  state in the Balkans. ?
• Serbia was supported by Russia and opposed by
  Austria-Hungary. ?
• Many Europeans were afraid that this conflict in
  the Balkans would lead to war.

(pages 719720)
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11
Section 1-22
The Outbreak of War Summer 1914
(cont.)

• In June 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand of
  Austria-Hungary and his wife were killed by the
  Serbian terrorist Gavrilo Princip in the city of
  Sarajevo. ?

• The Serbian terrorists wanted Bosnia to become
  independent from Austria-Hungary.

(pages 719720)
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12
Section 1-23
The Outbreak of War Summer 1914
(cont.)

• The Austro-Hungarian government wanted to declare
  war on Serbia but was worried that Russian would
  come to Serbias aid. ?

• Austrian leaders asked for help from their German
  allies. ?
• Emperor William II agreed to give Germanys full
  support. ?
• In July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on
  Serbia.

(pages 719720)
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13
Section 1-24
The Outbreak of War Summer 1914
(cont.)

• Russia responded by supporting Serbia. ?

• Czar Nicholas II ordered partial and then full
  mobilization of the Russian army. ?
• Austria-Hungary and Germany considered the
  mobilizations acts of war.

(pages 719720)
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14
Section 1-25
The Outbreak of War Summer 1914
(cont.)

• The Germans warned the Russians to halt
  mobilization, and the Russians refused. ?

• Germany then declared war on Russia on August 1.
  ?
• Because Russia and France were allies, Germany
  had planned to defeat France first and then
  attack Russia with full force.

(pages 719720)
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15
Section 1-25
The Outbreak of War Summer 1914
(cont.)

• This plan, designed by General Alfred von
  Schlieffen, was called the Schlieffen Plan. ?

• Germany declared war on France on August 3.

(pages 719720)
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Section 1-26
The Outbreak of War Summer 1914
(cont.)

• The Germans demanded that Belgiuma neutral
  countryallow German armies to pass through it on
  the way to France. ?

• This action led Britain, who was allied with
  France and Russia, to declare war on Germany. ?
• By August 4, World War I had begun.

(pages 719720)
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17
Section 2-7
1914 to 1915 Illusions and Stalemate

• The events of August 1914 shattered two
  previously held ideas that war was not worth
  fighting and that diplomats could prevent war.

(pages 721723)
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Section 2-8
1914 to 1915 Illusions and Stalemate (cont.)

• Government propagandaideas spread to influence
  public opinionhad stirred up national hatreds
  before the war. ?

• When the war began, propaganda was used to urge
  people to defend their own country. ?
• The majority of people thought their countrys
  cause was just.

(pages 721723)
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19
Section 2-9
1914 to 1915 Illusions and Stalemate (cont.)

• All European wars since 1815 had only lasted a
  few weeks. ?

• In August 1914, most people thought the war would
  be over by Christmas.

(pages 721723)
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20
Section 2-10
1914 to 1915 Illusions and Stalemate (cont.)

• On the Western Front, Germany swept through
  Belgium into northern France and was stopped a
  short distance from Paris at the First Battle of
  the Marne. ?

• The Western Front turned into a stalemate, with
  neither side able to push the other out of the
  system of trench warfare they had begun. ?
• The trenches stretched from the English Channel
  nearly to the Swiss border. ?
• For four years both sides remained in almost the
  same positions.

(pages 721723)
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21
Section 2-11
1914 to 1915 Illusions and Stalemate (cont.)

• On the Eastern Front, the war was far more
  mobile. ?

• The Russian army moved into eastern Germany but
  was defeated at the Battle of Tannenberg and the
  Battle of Masurian Lakes, making Russia no longer
  a threat to invade Germany. ?
• The Russians defeated Austria-Hungary and
  dislodged them from Serbia.

(pages 721723)
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22
Section 2-12
1914 to 1915 Illusions and Stalemate (cont.)

• The Italians, who had been allied with Germany
  and Austria-Hungary, broke their alliance in 1915
  and attacked Austria-Hungary. ?

• The Germans came to the aid of the Austrians and
  together they defeated the Russians in several
  battles and drove them back. ?
• About 2.5 million Russians had been killed,
  captured, or wounded.

(pages 721723)
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23
Section 2-13
1914 to 1915 Illusions and Stalemate (cont.)

• The Russians were almost out of the war. ?

• After defeating Serbia, Germany turned its
  attention back to the Western Front.

(pages 721723)
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24
Section 2-15
1916 to 1917 The Great Slaughter

• The trenches on the Western Front included
  massive tangles of barbed wire, machine-gun
  nests, gun batteries, and heavy artillery. ?

• The soldiers lived in holes in the ground. ?
• The territory between the two sides was called
  no-mans-land.

(pages 723724)
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25
Section 2-16
1916 to 1917 The Great Slaughter (cont.)

• Military leaders did not know how to fight trench
  warfare. ?

• They were used to mobile battles. ?
• The only plan they could devise was to order
  masses of soldiers to attack the other side and
  try to break through.

(pages 723724)
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Section 2-17
1916 to 1917 The Great Slaughter (cont.)

• Each side tried this tactic. ?

• They would begin with heavy artillery and then
  send in thousands of troops. ?
• The men who attacked were completely exposed to
  machine-gun fire. ?
• Millions of young men died in these attacks, and
  no breakthrough came. ?
• At Verdun, France, in 1916, 700,000 men were
  killed in 10 months. ?
• World War I had become a war of attrition, where
  each side tried to wear the other down.

(pages 723724)
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Section 2-18
1916 to 1917 The Great Slaughter (cont.)

• Airplanes for war were used for the first time in
  World War I. ?

• By the end of 1915, airplanes spotted enemy
  positions from the air. ?
• Later they attacked ground targets. ?
• In time, machine guns were mounted on airplanes,
  and they fought each other for control of the air.

(pages 723724)
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Section 2-19
1916 to 1917 The Great Slaughter (cont.)

• The Germans used their giant gas-filled airships
  to bomb points in Britain, but they stopped when
  the British realized that they could easily
  shoot down the airships.

(pages 723724)
29
Section 2-21
Widening of the War

• Because the war in the trenches was bogged down,
  both sides tried to get new allies and to widen
  the war. ?

• In November 1914, Russia, Great Britain, and
  France (the Allies) declared war on the Ottoman
  Empire. ?
• In 1915, they tried to open a Balkan front by
  attacking Gallipoli, near Constantinople.

(page 724)
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30
Section 2-22
Widening of the War (cont.)

• Then Bulgaria entered the war on the side of
  Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
  (the Central Powers). ?

• The Allies withdrew from Gallipoli after a
  disastrous campaign. ?
• Italy opened up a front against Austria-Hungary
  on the side of the Allies. ?
• In 1918, British forces from Egypt defeated the
  Ottoman Empire in the Middle East. ?
• They used troops from Australia, India, and New
  Zealand.

(page 724)
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31
Section 2-23
Widening of the War (cont.)

• The Allies seized German colonies in the rest of
  the world. ?

• Japan, an ally of Britain, seized German-held
  islands in the Pacific Ocean.

(page 724)
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32
Section 2-25
Entry of the United States

• The United States tried to stay neutral in the
  first years of World War I. ?

• This became more difficult as the war dragged on.

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Section 2-26
Entry of the United States (cont.)

• The naval war between Britain and Germany became
  the reason why the United States joined the war. ?

• In order to keep supplies from reaching their
  enemies, each country enforced a naval blockade
  of the other. ?
• German submarines sank both military and civilian
  ships, including passenger ships. ?
• This practice was called unrestricted submarine
  warfare.

(pages 725726)
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34
Section 2-27
Entry of the United States (cont.)

• In 1915, the Germans sank the British ship
  Lusitania, killing 1,100 civilians and causing
  strong protests from the American government. ?

• The Germans stopped unrestricted submarine
  warfare for some time until German naval officers
  such as Admiral Holtzendorff convinced the
  emperor to resume the practice.

(pages 725726)
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35
Section 2-28
Entry of the United States (cont.)

• The Germans did not think that the United States
  would enter the war before the British were
  starved. ?

• However, in April 1917, the United States
  responded to unrestricted submarine warfare by
  declaring war on Germany. ?
• Though large numbers of American troops did not
  arrive until 1918, the Allies were given a
  powerful psychological boost as well as money and
  supplies.

(pages 725726)
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36
Section 2-30
The Home Front The Impact of Total War

• World War I became a total war that required a
  complete mobilization of people and resources. ?

• It demanded the total commitment of the countries
  involved, soldiers and civilians alike. ?
• The war had an enormous impact on everyones life.

(pages 726727)
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Section 2-31
The Home Front The Impact of Total War (cont.)

• As the war dragged on, governments had to
  increase their powers in order to obtain the
  manpower and supplies they needed. ?

• Millions of men were drafted into the military. ?
  
• Governments set up planned economies, which
  included economic controls, food and material
  rationing, regulated transportation, and controls
  on imports and exports.

(pages 726727)
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Section 2-32
The Home Front The Impact of Total War (cont.)

• Governments and leaders such as U.S. president
  Woodrow Wilson saw all citizens as part of the
  war effort.

(pages 726727)
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Section 2-33
The Home Front The Impact of Total War (cont.)

• As the casualties mounted in the war, public
  support for the war waned. ?

• Authoritarian governments used force to keep
  people working. ?
• Other governments passed new laws to severely
  restrict dissent, exercised increased control of
  news sources, and tried to keep morale up with
  new propaganda techniques.

(pages 726727)
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Section 2-34
The Home Front The Impact of Total War (cont.)

• Women assumed new roles during World War I,
  taking over jobs previously held only by men,
  including factory and trucking jobs. ?

• These changes were generally seen as temporary,
  lasting only while men were away fighting the
  war. ?
• One positive result of womens role in the war
  was that in Germany, Austria, and the United
  States they were given the right to vote not long
  after the war ended.

(pages 726727)
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41
Section 2-35
The Home Front The Impact of Total War (cont.)

• Most women in Britain were given the right to
  vote in 1918 before the end of the war.

(pages 726727)
42
Section 3-7
Background to Revolution

• Due to a lack of experienced military leaders and
  technology, Russia was unprepared for World War
  I. ?

• The Russian army was poorly trained and equipped
  and suffered terrible losses. ?
• By 1917, the Russian will to continue fighting in
  the war had disappeared.

(pages 732734)
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Section 3-8
Background to Revolution (cont.)

• Czar Nicholas II relied on his army and
  government to keep him in power. ?

• His wife Alexandra cut him off from events. ?
• She was strongly influenced by Grigori Rasputin,
  who claimed to be a holy man. ?
• Though he had no military experience, Czar
  Nicholas II insisted on commanding the army in
  the field and was away from the capital. ?
• In his absence, Alexandra made important
  decisions with the help of Rasputin.

(pages 732734)
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44
Section 3-9
Background to Revolution (cont.)

• The Russian people became increasingly upset with
  the czar and his wife due to military and
  economic disasters. ?

• Conservatives wanted to save the deteriorating
  situation and assassinated Rasputin late in 1916.
  ?
• However, this did not save the monarchy.

(pages 732734)
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45
Section 3-10
Background to Revolution (cont.)

• In March 1917, working-class women led a series
  of strikes in the capital city of Petrograd. ?

• They were upset about bread shortages and
  rationing. ?
• They called a general strike that shut down all
  the factories.

(pages 732734)
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46
Section 3-11
Background to Revolution (cont.)

• Alexandra reported the situation to Nicholas,
  describing the demonstrators as hooligans. ?

• Nicholas responded by ordering troops to break up
  the crowds with force. ?
• However, many soldiers refused to shoot and
  joined the demonstrators. ?
• On March 12, the Duma, or legislature, met and
  established a provisional government. ?
• The government then urged the czar to step down,
  which he did.

(pages 732734)
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Section 3-12
Background to Revolution (cont.)

• The provisional government was headed by
  Alexander Kerensky and decided to continue
  fighting the war. ?

• This was a grave mistake, as it upset workers and
  peasants who wanted to end the years of fighting.

(pages 732734)
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Section 3-13
Background to Revolution (cont.)

• The government was also challenged by the
  sovietscouncils representing workers and
  soldierswho came to play an important role in
  Russian politics. ?

• Soviets sprang up around the country, and were
  mostly made up of socialists.

(pages 732734)
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49
Section 3-15
The Rise of Lenin

• The Bolsheviks were a small faction of a Marxist
  party. ?

• They were led by V. I. Lenin and were dedicated
  to a violent revolution to overthrow the
  capitalist system.

(page 735)
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50
Section 3-16
The Rise of Lenin (cont.)

• Lenin lived abroad between 1900 and 1917. ?

• When the provisional government was formed, he
  went to Russia hoping that the Bolsheviks could
  seize power. ?
• German military leaders helped him travel to
  Russia in an attempt to create disorder.

(page 735)
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Section 3-17
The Rise of Lenin (cont.)

• Lenin believed that the Bolsheviks should try to
  gain control of the soviets. ?

• He saw the soviets as groups already in place
  that could help overthrow the provisional
  government. ?
• The Bolsheviks promised to end the war,
  redistribute land to the peasants, transfer
  control of factories and industries from
  capitalists to the workers, and transfer
  government power to the soviets.

(page 735)
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Section 3-18
The Rise of Lenin (cont.)

• Three slogans summed up the Bolshevik program
  Peace, Land, Bread, Worker Control of
  Production, and All Power to the Soviets.

(page 735)
53
Section 3-20
The Bolsheviks Seize Power

• By the end of October 1917, the Bolsheviks had
  240,000 members and held majorities in the
  Petrograd and Moscow soviets. ?

• On November 6, the Bolsheviks seized the Winter
  Palace, and the provisional government collapsed.

(page 736)
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Section 3-21
The Bolsheviks Seize Power (cont.)

• Lenin turned over power to the Congress of
  Soviets, which represented soviets throughout
  Russia. ?

• He held on to the real power in a Council of
  Peoples Commissars, however, which he ran.

(page 736)
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55
Section 3-22
The Bolsheviks Seize Power (cont.)

• The Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communists.
  ?

• In March 1918, Lenin ended the war with Germany
  by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, giving up
  territory in eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland,
  and the Baltic provinces. ?
• He believed that these territories would
  eventually return to Russia as the socialist
  revolution spread through Europe.

(page 736)
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Section 3-24
Civil War in Russia

• Soon after the Communists took power, civil war
  broke out in Russia. ?

• Many people were opposed to the Communists,
  including groups loyal to the czar, liberals,
  and anti-Leninist socialists. ?
• They were aided by the Allies, who gave them
  troops and supplies, hoping Russia would rejoin
  the war.

(page 736)
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Section 3-25
Civil War in Russia (cont.)

• The Communist (Red) Army fought in many places
  between 1918 and 1921. ?

• The opposing, or White, forces first attacked
  from Siberia in the east. ?
• Other attacks came from Ukrainians and the
  Baltic regions. ?
• By 1920, the Red Army had defeated most of the
  White forces. ?
• The Communists then gained control over Georgia,
  Russian Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

(page 736)
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Section 3-26
Civil War in Russia (cont.)

• The royal family was captured by the Communists
  and moved to a mining town in the Urals, where
  they were eventually killed.

(page 736)
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Section 3-28
Triumph of the Communists

• The Communists won the civil war in part because
  they had an excellent army. ?

• As commissar of war, Leon Trotsky had brilliantly
  organized the army and instituted rigid
  discipline.

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Section 3-29
Triumph of the Communists (cont.)

• The opposition to the Communists was not unified
  and was torn by political differences and
  mistrust. ?

• They lacked a common goal. ?
• Some wanted to restore the czar. ?
• Others wanted a more democratic government.

(pages 736737)
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Section 3-30
Triumph of the Communists (cont.)

• The Communists had a strong sense of purpose and
  conviction. ?

• They were also able to put their ideals to work
  in practical ways, for example by controlling
  banks, farms, and industries to serve the
  Communist war effort, a policy known as war
  communism.

(pages 736737)
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Section 3-31
Triumph of the Communists (cont.)

• The Communists also used revolutionary terror to
  further their goals. ?

• The Cheka, or secret police, sought out anyone
  who opposed the Communists and created an
  atmosphere of fear among the people.

(pages 736737)
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Section 3-32
Triumph of the Communists (cont.)

• When the Allies sent troops to oppose the
  Communists, the Communists used this act to
  appeal to Russian patriotism. ?

• They asked Russians to join with them in fighting
  foreign attempts to control the nation.

(pages 736737)
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Section 3-33
Triumph of the Communists (cont.)

• By 1921, the Communists had complete control of
  Russia. ?

• The country had become a centralized state
  dominated by a single party. ?
• Because of the role of the Allies in the civil
  war, the Communists mistrusted them and remained
  hostile.

(pages 736737)
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65
Section 4-7
The Last Year of the War

• During 1917, the Allies had been defeated in
  their offensives on the Western Front, and the
  Russians had withdrawn from the war. ?

• The Central Powers appeared to have the advantage.

(pages 739741)
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Section 4-8
The Last Year of the War (cont.)

• The German military official Erich von Ludendorff
  decided to take a military gamble. ?

• In March 1918, the Germans launched a large
  offensive on the Western Front and came to within
  50 miles of Paris. ?
• The Germans were stopped at the Second Battle of
  the Marne by French, Moroccan, and American
  troops and hundreds of tanks.

(pages 739741)
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Section 4-9
The Last Year of the War (cont.)

• In 1918, the addition of more than one million
  American troops helped the Allies begin to
  advance toward Germany. ?

• By the end of September, General Ludendorff told
  German leaders that the war was lost.

(pages 739741)
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Section 4-10
The Last Year of the War (cont.)

• The Allies were not willing to negotiate with the
  German government under Emperor William II. ?

• The German people were angry and exhausted by the
  war. ?
• In spite of attempted government reforms, German
  workers and soldiers in towns such as Kiel
  revolted and set up their own councils. ?
• On November 9, William II left the country.

(pages 739741)
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Section 4-11
The Last Year of the War (cont.)

• The German Social Democratic party, led by
  Friedrich Ebert, declared that Germany would
  become a democratic republic. ?

• On November 11, the new German government signed
  an armistice with the Allies that ended the war.

(pages 739741)
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Section 4-12
The Last Year of the War (cont.)

• In December 1918, a group of radical socialists
  formed the German Communist Party and then tried
  to seize power. ?

• They were defeated by the new government, which
  was backed by the army. ?
• The revolutionary leaders were killed. ?
• The attempt by the Communists to take over the
  government left many middle-class Germans deeply
  afraid of communism.

(pages 739741)
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Section 4-14
The Last Year of the War (cont.)

• At the end of the war, ethnic groups in
  Austria-Hungary sought independence. ?

• The Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated into
  the independent republics of Austria, Hungary,
  and Czechoslovakia and the monarchial state of
  Yugoslavia. ?
• National rivalries in the region would weaken
  eastern Europe for years to come.

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72
Section 4-16
The Peace Settlements

• In January 1919, representatives of the Allied
  nations met in Paris to make a final settlement
  of the war.

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73
Section 4-17
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• President Woodrow Wilson outlined his Fourteen
  Points, with which he intended to create a
  lasting peace. ?

• The points included proposals for open treaty
  negotiations, reducing military strength, and
  ensuring self-determination, or the right of each
  people to have its own nation. ?
• Wilson proposed a new world order based on
  democracy and cooperation among nations. He
  suggested creating an association of nations to
  guarantee political independence for all
  countries.

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74
Section 4-18
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• The Paris Peace Conference was complicated by
  many factors. ?

• Secret treaties had been made before the war that
  promised territories to certain nations. ?
• National interests created problems as well. ?
• For example, the British under Prime Minister
  David Lloyd George wanted to make the Germans
  pay for the war.

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75
Section 4-19
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• Led by Georges Clemenceau, the French wanted to
  insure national security. ?

• They sought to do this by stripping Germany of
  all weapons, having them make huge payments,
  called reparations, and creating a buffer state
  between Germany and France in the German
  Rhineland.

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76
Section 4-20
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• The United States, Britain, and France, known as
  the Big Three, made most of the important
  decisions at the Paris Peace Conference. ?

• Germany was not included. Russia was in a civil
  war and could not attend, and Italy was not given
  a large role.

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77
Section 4-21
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• The Big Three argued about many points. ?

• Wilson wanted to create a League of Nations to be
  an international peacekeeping organization. ?
• The conference accepted his proposal. ?
• In return he agreed to territorial settlements
  that were not consistent with his idea of
  self-determination.

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78
Section 4-22
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• The French gave up their wish for a Rhineland
  buffer state and accepted a defensive alliance
  with Britain and the United States to guarantee
  future security against Germany.

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79
Section 4-23
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• The Treaty of Versailles was the final peace
  settlement of World War I. ?

• It was actually five separate treaties with the
  defeated nations Germany, Austria, Hungary,
  Bulgaria, and Turkey. ?
• The treaty declared that the Germans were guilty
  of starting the war. ?
• It ordered Germany to pay reparations for all
  damages suffered by the Allies.

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80
Section 4-24
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• The treaty required Germany to greatly reduce its
  military forces and return the territories of
  Alsace and Lorraine to France. ?

• Sections of eastern Germany became part of a new
  Polish state. ?
• German land on both sides of the Rhine was turned
  into a demilitarized zone to prevent future
  aggression toward France.

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81
Section 4-25
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• The German government accepted the peace terms
  because it had no choice. ?

• To refuse would mean to go back to war. ?
• However, the treaty outraged and angered the
  German people, who felt the Treaty of Versailles
  was a harsh and unfair peace.

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82
Section 4-26
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• Eastern Europe was greatly changed as a result of
  the war and the peace treaties. ?

• The Russians and Germans lost much territory. ?
• The Austro-Hungarian Empire was gone. ?
• New nation-states emerged, including Finland,
  Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
  Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary.

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83
Section 4-27
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• Lands in the Balkans changed hands as Romania
  received territory from Russia, Hungary, and
  Bulgaria. ?

• Yugoslavia was formed, which included Serbs,
  Croats, and Slovenes.

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84
Section 4-28
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• Though the Paris Peace Conference was supposedly
  guided by the principle of self-determination,
  the mix of peoples in eastern Europe made this
  very difficult, and many compromises were made. ?

• As a result, almost every eastern European state
  included ethnic minorities. ?
• For example, there were Germans in Poland and
  Hungarians in Romania. ?
• These ethnic mixes would lead to conflicts in
  later years.

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85
Section 4-29
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• The peace treaty also broke up the Ottoman
  Empire. ?

• In return for Arab support, the Allies had
  promised Arab states within the Ottoman Empire
  that they would be independent after the war. ?
• France and Britain changed their minds and took
  over control of Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, and
  Palestine.

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86
Section 4-30
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• Because Wilson opposed new colonial acquisitions,
  these acquisitions were called mandates. ?

• Under the mandate system, a country controlled
  another as a mandate on behalf of the League of
  Nations, but it did not officially own the
  territory.

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87
Section 4-31
The Peace Settlements (cont.)

• World War I undermined the previously held idea
  of human progress. ?

• Entire populations had slaughtered each other in
  unprecedented ways. ?
• The devastation of the war also opened the door
  to revolutions and further instability.

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