Biology of Animals, 7e

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Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
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Based on type of coelom
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(Evolutionary Systematics)
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(Phylogenetic Systematics cladistics)
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Grouping into sister groups - nested
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Evolutionary Systematics
Phylogenetic Systematics(cladistics)
-Homologous vs analogous structures
-Homologous vs analogous structures
-Ancestral vs derived structures
-Ancestral vs derived structures (symplesiomorphie
s vs synaptomorphies in outgroups)

• Weight character sets differently, idea
• of varying evolutionary significance

-Weight character sets equally, focus on number
of synaptomorphies
-Grouping based on evolutionary origin and
adaptive zone concept allows for paraphyletic
grouping
-Grouping based on common descent only allows for
monophyletic grouping
-Only valid taxon is a clade, and grouping is in
sister groups
-Use 7 basic taxa, expanded with prefixes
-Displayed as dendrogram/phylogenetic tree
-Displayed as a cladogram
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PS
Hominidae
ES
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SPECIES CONCEPTS
BIOLOGICAL SPECIES - a species is a reproductive
community of populations (reproductively
isolated from others) that occupies a specific
niche in nature.
EVOLUTIONARY SPECIES - a single lineage of
ancestor-descendent populations that maintains
its identity from other such lineages and
that has its own evolutionary tendencies and
historical fate.
PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES - an irreducible (basal)
grouping of organisms diagnosably distinct from
other such groupings and within which there is
a parental pattern of ancestry and descent.