Introduction to Psychology

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• Module 15
• Perceptual Organization

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Perceptual Illusions
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Perceptual Illusions
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Perceptual Illusions
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Perceptual Illusions
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Perceptual Illusions
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Perceptual Illusions
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Perceptual Illusions

• Why are people interested in perceptual
  illusions?
• Illusions reveal the ways we normally organize
  and interpret our sensations.

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Perceptual Organization Gestalt

• Visual Capture
• tendency for vision to dominate the other senses
• Gestalt (Necker Cube)
• an organized whole
• tendency to integrate pieces of information into
  meaningful wholes

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Perceptual Organization Gestalt

• Cognition Demos
• Visual Agnosia
• People who take in all parts of their visual
  field, but these parts are seen without meaning
  (example Dr. P)

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Perceptual Organization Illusory Contours
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Perceptual Organization- Form

• Figure and Ground--organization of the visual
  field into objects (figures) that stand out from
  their surroundings (ground)

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Perceptual Organization Gestalt

• Grouping
• the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into
  coherent groups
• Grouping Principles
• proximity--group nearby figures together
• similarity--group figures that are similar
• continuity--perceive continuous patterns
• closure--fill in gaps
• connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are seen
  as unit when connected

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Perceptual Organization Grouping Principles
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Perceptual Organization Closure

• Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

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Perceptual Organization Grouping Principles

• Gestalt grouping principles are at work here

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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception

• Depth perception chalk drawings
• More . . .
• Video Clips

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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception

• Depth Perception
• ability to see objects in three dimensions
• allows us to judge distance
• Binocular Cues Depth Cues
• retinal disparity
• images from the two eyes differ
• closer the object, the larger the disparity
• convergence
• neuromuscular cue
• two eyes move inward for near objects

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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception

• Examples -
• Finger Sausage
• Fingertips
• Hole in our Hand

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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Visual Cliff
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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception

• Monocular Cues Distance Cues
• relative size
• smaller image is more distant
• interposition
• closer object blocks distant object
• relative clarity
• hazy object seen as more distant
• texture coarse --gt close fine --gt distant

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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Relative Size
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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Interposition
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Perceptual Illusions
Relative Clarity
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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception

• Monocular Cues (cont.)
• relative height
• higher objects seen as more distant
• relative motion
• closer objects seem to move faster
• linear perspective
• parallel lines converge with distance
• relative brightness
• closer objects appear brighter

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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Relative Height
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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Perspective Techniques
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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Illusory Depth
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Perceptual Constancy

• Perceptual Constancy
• perceiving objects as unchanging even as
  illumination and retinal image change
• color
• shape
• size

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Perceptual Organization
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Perceptual Organization Muller-Lyer Illusion
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Perceptual Organization Size-Distance
Relationship
Ames Room
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Perceptual Organization Size-Distance
Relationship
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Ames room demonstration
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Perceptual Organization-Light Contrast
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Perceptual Organization Grouping Principles

• Impossible doghouse

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Perceptual Organization Depth Perception
Illusory Depth Explanation