Abstract View of System Components

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OPERATING SYSTEM
(?? Operating System concepts(???????)
Chapter 1. Introduction
http//raic.kunsan.ac.kr
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Module 1 Introduction

• ????? ?????
• ?? ???? ???(Simple Batch Systems)
• ?? ????? ???? ???
• (Multiprogramming Batched Systems)
• ??? ???(Time-Sharing Systems)
• ??? ??? ???(Personal-Computer Systems)
• ?? ???(Parallel Systems)
• ?? ???(Distributed Systems)
• ??? ???(Real -Time Systems)

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1.1 ?? ??? ???? ?

• ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???(intermediary)??? ??
  ????
• ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?
• ??? ????? ????? ??

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??? ??? ???? 4??

• 1. Hardware ?? ??? ??? ??,
• CPU, memory, I/O devices
  ??? ??.
• 2. Operating system ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????
  ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. ?, OS? ?? ?????.
• 3. Applications programs ?? ?????? compilers,
  database systems, video games, business
  programs?? ???,??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???
  ?? ??? ????.
• 4. Users people, machines, other computers.

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??? ????? ?? ???
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????? ??

• ?? ???(Resource allocator) ??? ??? ???? ????.
• ?? ????(Control program) ??? ????? ??? I/O ???
  ??? ????.
• Kernel ????? ?? ???? ????(??)???, ?? ????? ???
  ?? ?????? ??.

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1.2 ?? ???? ???

• ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ??
  ???, ??? ???? ?? ???? ??.
• User ? operator
• ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???.
• ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ???? ??
  ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???, ????? ?? ????? ?????.
  (?? ??? ?? ??)
• ?? ???(Resident monitor)
• initial control in monitor
• control transfers to job
• when job completes control transfers pack to
  monitor.

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?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???
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Control Cards

• Problems
• 1. How does the monitor know about the nature of
  the job (e.g., Fortran versus Assembly) or which
  program to execute?
• 2. How does the monitor distinguish (a) job from
  job?(b) data from program?
• Solution
• -- Introduce control cards
• ???? ????? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???
  ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ? ???
  ??? ??

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Control Cards (Cont.)

• Special cards that tell the resident monitor
  which programs to runJOBFTNRUNDATAEND
• Special characters distinguish control cards from
  data or program cards in column 1// in column
  1 and 2709 in column1

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Control Cards (Cont.)

• Parts of resident monitor
• Control card interpreter responsible for
  reading and carrying out instructions on the
  cards.
• Loader loads systems programs and applications
  programs into memory.
• Device drivers know special characteristics and
  properties for each of the systems I/O devices.
• Problem Slow Performance I/O and CPU could
  not overlap card reader very slow.
• Solution Off-line operation speed up
  computation by loading jobs into memory from
  tapes and card reading and line printing done
  off-line.

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Spooling (Simultaneous Peripheral Operation
On-Line)

• ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ??
  ?? ????? ??.??? ??? ???? ??, OS?
• ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??. (job
  queue).
• ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????.
• ?? ???(Job pool) ???? ?? ?? ???? CPU? ????
  ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ??.

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1.3 ?????? ?? ?? ???
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same
time, and the CPU is multiplexed among them.
????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? (?? ??), ??????
?? ????? ??? ??? ????.
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?? ????? ??? OS ??

• I/O routine supplied by the system.
• Memory management the system must allocate the
  memory to several jobs.
• ?????? ????(CPU scheduling) ???? ??? ??? ???
  ??? ?? ?? ?, ?? ? ??? ???? ?? 5??? ??
• ??? ??? ??(Allocation of devices.)

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1.4 ??? ???(?????) - ??? ??

• CPU? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ? ??? ???? ????. ?,
  CPU? ? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????.
• ??? ????? ????? ? ??????? ???? ??? ???, ????(swap
  in and out) ???. - ??????(virtual memory)? ??
  9??? ??
• ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?,
  ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???.
• ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ??.

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1.5 ??? ??? ???

• Personal computers 1970?? ??? ????? ?? ????
  ???? ??? ???.
• I/O devices keyboards, mice, display screens,
  small printers.
• ?? CPU? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????
  ???? ??
• ???, ? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??, ??? ?? ? ???
  CPU ??? ?? ??. ???, ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???
  ??(protection)? ??(security)?? ??? ?? 19, 20???
  ??

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????? ??? ??? ???
?????
?????
??????
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1.6 ?????(Parallel Systems)

• ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ? ??? ?????? ???? ???, ??? ??,
  ??, ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???(tightly
  coupled system) - n?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? n? ????
  ?? ???.
• ?? ???? ??
• ???? ?? - ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????.
• ????? - ?? ????? ????, ???, ?? ?????? ???? ????.
• ???? ?? - ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????
  ??, ??, ??? ????.

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?? ???(??)
???? ???

• ??? ???? (Symmetric multiprocessing) (SMP)
• ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????
  ??? ??? ?? ??.
• ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????.
• ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? SMP? ????.
• ???? ???? (Asymmetric multiprocessing)
• ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???, ? ??? (master
  processor)? ???? ???? ? ??? (slave processor)? ?
  ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????.
• ?? ? ???? ?? ????.

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Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture
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1.7 ???? ???(Distributed Systems)

• ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????. ??? ?????
  ?????, ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????
  ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??
  ?? ???? ??? ??? (loosely coupled system) ?? ??
  ????? ??.
• ???? ???? ??
• ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???, ? ???? ??
  ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??.
• ?? ?? ?? ?? ??(load sharing )
• ??? ?? ????? ? ???? ??? ??, ??? ???? ?? ??.
• ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??.

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???? ???(??)

• ???? ????(Network Operating System)
• provides file sharing
• provides communication scheme
• runs independently from other computers on the
  network
• ?? ?? ????(Distributed Operating System)
• less autonomy between computers
• gives the impression there is a single operating
  system controlling the network.

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1.8 ??? ???(Real-Time Systems)

• ?? ?? ?? ???, ?? ?? ???, ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????
  ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??.
• ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????.
• ?? ??? ???(Hard real-time system)
• ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ? ?????? ?? ???
  ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???
  ??? ???? ?????? ? ???.
• ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???, ??? ?? ??
  ????(short-term memory)? ROM? ????
• ?? ????? ?? ???? ??, ??? ???? ?? ???? ???.
• ??? ??? ???(Hard real-time system)
• ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???
• ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??. (multimedia, virtual
  reality)