Renal and Urinary Tract Alterations

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Renal and Urinary Tract Alterations

• Prepared by
• Dr/ Wafaa Hassan Abdullah
• Ass. Prof. Medical Surgical Nursing
• Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences
• King Abdul-Aziz University
• 1429-2008

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Overview

• Proper function to urinary system is essential
  to life. Dysfunction of the kidneys and lower
  urinary tract is common and may occur at any age
  and with varying levels of severity.

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Urinary Tract structure
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Blood vessels attached with urinary system
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Major functions of the kidney

• 1. Ultra filtration
• It removes fluid volume from the circulating
  blood,
• substances dissolved in this fluid are also
  removed.
• 2. Fluid and Electrolyte Control
• It maintains correct balance of fluid and
  electrolytes within a normal range by excretion,
  secretion, and reabsorption.
• 3. Acid-Base Balance
• It maintains pH at normal range by directly
  excreting hydrogen ions and forming bicarbonate
  for buffering.

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• 4. Excretion of Waste Products
• Direct removal of metabolic waste products
• contained in the glomerular filtrate.
• 5. Blood Pressure Regulation
• It regulate blood pressure by controlling
  circulating
• volume and rennin secretion.
• 6. RBCs Production
• Erythropoietin secreted by kidneys
  stimulates bone
• marrow to produce RBCs.
• 7. Regulation of Calcium Phosphate Metabolism
• Vitamin D activation is regulated by kidneys

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Urine formation Process
Glomerular Filteration
Selective reabsorption

• Excretion

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Classifications Of The Genitourinary Disorders

• 1. Congenital disorders
• 2. Reno vascular disorders
• 3. Injuries disorders
• 4. Inflammatory disorders
• 5. Obstructive disorders
• 6. Neoplastic disorders

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Examples of renal Congenital Disorders
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RENAL CALCULI (STONES)Urolithiasis
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What is a kidney stone? A kidney stone is a hard
mineral and crystalline material formed within
the kidney or urinary tract. Kidney stones are a
common cause of blood in the urine and often
severe pain in the abdomen, flank, or groin.
Kidney stones are sometimes called renal calculi.
One in every 20 people develops a kidney stone at
some point in their life. The condition of having
kidney stones is termed nephrolithiasis or
urolithiasis.
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Kidney stones, one of the most painful of the
urologic disorders. Scientists have found
evidence of kidney stones in a 7,000-year-old
Egyptian mummy. Unfortunately, kidney stones are
one of the most common disorders of the urinary
tract. Each year, people make almost 3 million
visits to health care providers and more than
half a million people go to emergency rooms for
kidney stone problems.
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Most kidney stones pass out of the body without
any intervention by a physician. Stones that
cause lasting symptoms or other complications may
be treated by various techniques, most of which
do not involve major surgery. Also, research
advances have led to a better understanding of
the many factors that promote stone formation and
better treatments for preventing stones.
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RISK FACTORS OF STONE DISEASE DEVELOPMENT

• Anatomic abnormality
• Dietary excesses
• Climate due to high atmospheric temperature.
• Life style as sedentary occupation and client
• on bed rest.
• Metabolic state of the patient.

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Renal pelvis calculi
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Caliceal stones
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Multiple Stones
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Staghorn stones
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Staghorn calculus, X-Ray
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