Chapter 1 Physiology of Exercise in the United States

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Chapter 1Physiology of Exercise in the United
StatesIts Past, Its Future

• EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY
• Theory and Application to Fitness and
  Performance, 6th edition
• Scott K. Powers Edward T. Howley

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European Heritage

• Three physiologists received the Nobel Prize for
  work related to muscle or muscular exercise
• A.V. Hill
• Heat production during muscle contraction and
  recovery
• Otto Meyerhof
• Relationship of O2 consumption and lactic acid in
  muscle
• August Krogh
• Function of the capillary circulation

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Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

• Focal point in the development of exercise
  physiology in the United States
• D.B. Dill directed the lab from its opening in
  1927 to its closing in 1947
• Research in exercise and environmental physiology
• Basis of much of what we know today

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Physical Fitness

• A popular topic today
• Possible careers
• Physical Education
• Physiology of Exercise
• Health Education
• Nutrition
• Physical Therapy
• Athletic Training
• Medicine

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Public Health Service

• In 1980, listed physical fitness and exercise
  as one of the fifteen areas of concern related to
  improving the countrys overall health.

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Civil War until the First World War

• Physical education primarily concerned with
  fitness
• Many physical education leaders were trained in
  medicine
• Dr. Dudley Sargent
• Hired by Harvard in 1879
• Set up physical training programs with individual
  exercise prescriptions

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World War I and World War II

• Large numbers of draftees failed the induction
  exams due to mental and physical defects
• Physical programs began to resemble pre-military
  training programs

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1950s

• Autopsies of young soldiers of Korean War showed
  significant coronary artery disease has already
  developed
• Hans Kraus showed the American children performed
  poorly on a muscular fitness test compared to
  European
• Presidents Council on Youth Fitness (1955)
• AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test (1957)

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John F. Kennedy

• The Soft American in Sports Illustrated (1960)

• For the physical vigor of our citizens is one of
  Americans most precious resources. If we waste
  and neglect this resource, if we allow it to
  dwindle and grow soft, then we will destroy much
  of our ability to meet the great and vital
  challenges which confront our people. We will be
  unable to realize our full potential as a
  nation.

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During Kennedys Term

• Councils name changed to the Presidents
  Council on Physical Fitness
• Nixon administration changed it to the current
  name Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and
  Sports

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1980

• American Alliance for Health Physical Education,
  Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) published the
  Health-Related Physical Fitness Test Manual
• Performance testing
• Fitness testing

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Epidemiological Studies

• On health status of the population underscored
  the fact that degenerative diseases relate to
  poor health habits.
• High-fat diet, smoking, inactivity
• 1970s, an increased use of exercise tests to
  diagnose heart disease
• Large corporations developed executive fitness
  programs, which evolved into todays Corporate
  Fitness programs

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Undergraduate and Graduate Study

• Growth in the number of exercise physiology
  laboratories in the 1950s and 1960s
• Opportunities for graduate and undergraduate
  education
• From physical education to exercise physiology
• Graduates from these laboratories contributed to
  the field
• Research productivity
• Journals and professional societies

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Translation of Exercise Science to the Consumer

• Demand for correct information and programs about
  physical activity and health
• University and college physical education
  departments have developed areas of study in
  exercise physiology and fitness
• The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
• Developed certification programs to establish a
  standard of knowledge and skill for practitioners