Phylogeny

1
Phylogeny

• (7)  Science concepts. The student knows
  evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation
  for the unity and diversity of life. The student
  is expected to
• (A)  analyze and evaluate how evidence of common
  ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil
  record, biogeography, and homologies, including
  anatomical, molecular, and developmental

2
Phylogeny

• Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary
  relationships.
• Organisms are grouped together based on
  evolutionary classifications.
• Evolutionary relationships show a common ancestor
  based on fossil records, biogeography and
  homologies.

What animal is related to the modern elephant?
http//www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/librar
y/cat-removed/u4aos2p4.html
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Phylogeny - Fossils

• Common ancestry through the fossil record-
• Look at the example of horse fossil record

1. Early horses were smaller
2. Early horses had 4 toes and a padded foot
3. Early horses teeth were specialized for eating
   soft vegetation (not grass)

Based on this data the common ancestor of the
horse was different in what ways?
4
Phylogeny - Fossils

• By studying the fossil record scientists can
• Determine homologies (similarities from common
  ancestors)
• Date the fossil / organism
• Determine when extinction of the species occurred
  

Based on the fossils what was here first? OCEAN
OR FOREST
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Phylogeny - Biogeography

• Common ancestry through biogeography-
• Recall that biogeography is study of
• where organisms lived
• how many organisms lived there and
• why they lived there.

http//www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeograp
hy.htm
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Phylogeny - Biogeography

• Biogeographically, the world can be divided into
  these 6 biomes
• Nearctic
• Neotropics
• Palaearctic
• Afrotropics
• Oriental
• Australasia

http//www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeograp
hy.htm
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Phylogeny - Biogeography

• Each biome has unique plants and animals.
• Very few species are seen in different biomes.
• Lets look at a few examples

http//www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeograp
hy.htm
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Phylogeny - Biogeography

• Nearctic
• Can you name these unique animals?
• ____________
• 2. ____________

CANADA GEESE
PRAIRIE DOGS
http//www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeograp
hy.htm http//current.com/groups/veganism/92591533
_geese-kill-protestors-to-rally-at-mayor-bloomberg
s-mansion-friends-of-animals-new-york-director-wei
ghs-in-on-gassing-the-geese.htm
9
Phylogeny - Biogeography

• Where are these organisms from?
• Nearctic
• Neotropics
• Palaearctic
• Afrotropics
• Oriental
• Australasia

http//www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeograp
hy.htm
10
Phylogeny - Homologies

• Homologous traits are derived from a common
  ancestor.
• Analogous traits are similar but evolved
  separately (not from a common ancestor).
• What are the 3 types of homologies?
• Anatomical
• Molecular
• Developmental

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Phylogeny Anatomical Homologies

• Anatomical homologies include an organisms
  anatomy and physiology.
• Anatomy is the internal and external structure of
  an organisms
• Physiology is the function and activities of the
  organism, physically and chemically.

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Phylogeny Anatomical Homologies

• Sort the words into the correct column

Anatomy Physiology


Arm
Cellular Respiration
Heart
Homeostasis
13
Phylogeny Molecular Homologies

• Molecular Homologies
• DNA
• DNA is transcribed into
• RNA
• RNA is translated into
• Amino Acids
• Amino acids with peptide bonds make
• 4. Proteins

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Phylogeny Molecular Homologies
TURN AND TALK READ, PICK ANSWER, ASK YOUR
NEIGHBOR

• Based on this table, which organism would be
  classified most closely related to humans?
• A. Lamprey
• B. Dog
• C. Frog
• D. Macaque

http//www.ecoindia.com/animals/mammals/bonnet-mac
aque.html
15
Phylogeny - Homologies - Developmental

• Developmental Homologies study embryos.
• Which of these is an embryo?

EMBRYO
D
E
ZYGOTES
FETUS
http//worms.zoology.wisc.edu/dd2/echino/cleavage/
intro.html http//www.scienceclarified.com/El-Ex/E
mbryo-and-Embryonic-Development.html http//en.wik
ipedia.org/wiki/Fetus
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Phylogeny Developmental Homologies

• Based on these Embryo pictures, which organism is
  most closely related to humans?

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Phylogeny Review

• Based on the 3 evidences of evolution, scientists
  can make evolutionary maps called cladograms.
• What are the 3 evidences of evolution?
• Fossils
• Biogeography
• Homologies (MAD)

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Phylogeny - Cladograms

• By studying fossils, biogeography and homologies,
  scientist made this cladogram.
• Which organism is least like the others?

Notice the derived characters
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Review Questions

• 22 Fossil records can be studied to determine how
  organisms change through time. Which of the
  following methods for studying organisms could
  least likely be accomplished by studying the
  fossil record?
• F Comparing sleep patterns of organisms
• G Dating organisms by the relative order of their
  fossils
• H Comparing homologous structures of organisms
• J Determining when extinction of species occurred

20
Review Questions

• 31 Some snake embryos have small buds resembling
  limbs. These buds disappear at later stages of
  embryo development. These findings suggest that
  these snakes
• A had a parent with limbs
• B have functional limbs as adults
• C will have offspring with limbs
• D evolved from an ancestor that had limbs

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Review Questions

• Based on this cladogram, humans are most closely
  related to?

22
Phylogeny

• ANY QUESTIONS

Answer the Analysis part of your notes.