Kingdom Animalia

1
Kingdom Animalia

• Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom
• Over 2 Million Species
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Multicellular
• No Cell Walls

2
General Classification

• Invertebrates animals that do not have a
  backbone
• Compose 95-97 of the animal kingdom
• Include animals such as Sponges, Jellyfish,
  Worms, Snails, Clams, Squids, Spiders, Insects,
  Sea Stars, and many more

3
General Classification

• Vertebrates animals that do have a backbone
• Compose 3-5 of the Animal Kingdom
• Include animals such as Reptiles, Amphibians,
  Mammals, Fish, and Birds

4
Cell Specialization

• Considering that animals are multicellular, they
  have cells with specialized functions!
• Levels of Organization
• Cells (enveloped by a cell membrane)
• Tissues (groups of similar cells)
• Organs (2-4 types of tissues)
• Organ Systems (composed of many organs)

5
Organ Systems

• Animals come in many shapes and sizes.
• The complexity of organ systems from one animal
  to the next can vary greatly!
• Each animal must have a way to complete the
  following functions Feeding, Respiration,
  Circulation, Excretion, Response, Movement, and
  Reproduction

6
FEEDING

• Some animals have mouths (i.e., humans) to assist
  in feeding where as others are filter feeders and
  absorb nutrients from the water around them
  (i.e., sponges)
• Some animals therefore have a very developed
  digestive system whereas others do not.
• However they get food, all animals are
  heterotrophic and need nutrients for energy!

7
FEEDING

• Herbivores eat plants
• Carnivores eat other animals
• Omnivores eat plants and animals

8
FEEDING

• Filter feeders strain organisms from the water
• Detritivores feed on detritus (dead organic
  matter)
• Some animals form symbiotic relationships

9
RESPIRATION

• Some animals have a very developed respiratory
  system that includes a trachea (windpipe) and
  lungs. Others simply absorb oxygen through their
  skin from the environment

10
CIRCULATION

• Not all animals have blood and extensive
  circulatory systems.
• The main functions of the circulatory system are
  to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells
  and carry waste away.

• For those simple animals that can transport
  oxygen, nutrients, and waste by diffusion, a
  developed system is not necessary

11
EXCRETION

• A primary waste product of cellular metabolism is
  ammonia, a poisonous substance that contains
  nitrogen
• Ammonia must be eliminated from the body
• Humans use kidneys to rid the body of ammonia
  waste in urine. Other organisms mix ammonia with
  feces or allow the ammonia to diffuse into the
  surrounding water

12
RESPONSE

• Every animal must respond to the environment.
  Some are able to respond more quickly and
  dramatically than others, depending on the
  complexity of their nervous system
• Some animals have only have a few nerve cells
  while others have brains
• Cephalization concentration of sense organs at
  the front of an animals body

13
MOVEMENT

• Some animals are sessile
• Most animals can move from place to place
• Movement also includes the forcible movement of
  particles within an animal during such processes
  as digestion and circulation
• Animals are the only kingdom that have muscles

14
REPRODUCTION

• Most animals produce sexually by the production
  of gametes. This maintains genetic diversity.
• Many also reproduce asexually.

15
BODY SYMMETRY

• Radial Symmetry
• Bilateral Symmetry

16
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionHow does
evolution occur?
Step 1 Organisms vary
17
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionHow does
evolution occur?
Step 2 Varied organisms compete over scarce
resources
18
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionHow does
evolution occur?

• Step 3 Certain variations survive and reproduce

Step 3 Certain variations survive reproduce
Adaptations are passed on through the population
19
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionHow does
evolution occur?

• Step 4 Adapted populations become geographically
  isolated form subspecies

Arizona Coues Deer
Minnesota Whitetail Deer
20
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionHow does
evolution occur?

• Step 5 Subspecies may eventually form separate
  species

Blacktail Deer
Mule Deer
Whitetail Deer
21
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionDarwins
background

• Born in 1809 in England
• Tried medical school (Edinburgh)
• Switched to theology school (Cambridge)
• Joined the crew of the HMS Beagle

22
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionDarwins
background

• Set sail in 1831 voyage around the world
• Numerous observations, enormous collections
• Led him to propose a revolutionary theory

23
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionWhy
revolutionary?

• Europeans in Darwins day
• Earth was only a few thousand years old
• Neither Earth nor life had changed

(robins had not changed)
24
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionCape Verde
Islands

• Found a band of white sea shells in a cliff
• Band was 40 ft. above sea level
• How did marine organisms get above sea level?

?
?
25
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionRio de
Janeiro, Brazil

• Explored rainforest about 100 miles up coast
• Collected 68 beetle species in one day
• How did such amazing diversity arise?

?
26
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionPunta Alta,
Argentina

• Found a giant, rodent-like fossil
• Unknown at the time, later named Toxodon
• What caused its extinction?

?
27
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionPunta Alta,
Argentina

• Found a giant, fossil ground sloth
• Unknown at the time, later named Megatherium
• What caused its extinction?

?
28
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionBuenos
Aries, Argentina

• Found a giant, fossil armadillo
• Unknown at the time, later named Glyptodon
• What caused its extinction?

?
29
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionSt. Fe
Bajada , Argentina

• Found a large molar tooth
• Later identified as a mastodon tooth
• How can South American and European species be so
  similar?

?
30
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionValdivia,
Chile

• Witnessed an earthquake
• Noted that marine rock rose a few feet above sea
  level
• Can land rise up slowly over long expanses of
  time?

?
31
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionVilla
Vicencio, Chile

• 6000 feet above sea level
• 700 miles from the coast
• Mountains formed of submarine lava flows
• How long ago was this land underwater?

?
32
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionThe
Galapagos Islands

• Volcanic islands 600 miles west of S.A.
• Close together but different climates
• Smaller islands hot, dry, barren
• Larger islands wetter, more diverse

33
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionThe
Galapagos Islands

• Noted several brown, ordinary birds
• Noted diversity in beaks and feeding habits
• Did not realize they were all finches

34
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionThe
Galapagos Islands

• Later hypothesized common ancestry
• Known today as adaptive radiation

35
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionThe
Galapagos Islands

• Noted similarity of very different organisms
• penguins, fish, and porpoises
• Known today as convergent evolution

36
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionEmu Ferry,
Australia

• Astonished by Australian creatures
• Particularly the platypus
• Why are Australian animals so unique?

?
37
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionKeeling
Islands

• Noted islands were composed entirely of coral
• Did a coral reef grow on an ancient volcano?

?
38
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionMadagascar

• Examined an orchid
• Nectar at the tip of a 40 cm long spur
• Is there a pollinator with a 40 cm tongue?

?
39
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionMadagascar

• Hypothesis later confirmed
• Example of coevolution

40
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionOn the
Origin of Species

• Brought back specimens from around world
• Began writing diversity and evolution
• Did not rush!
• Ideas challenged thought of the day

41
Charles Darwins Theory of EvolutionOn the
Origin of Species

• Finally published in 1859
• Mechanism natural selection
• Some thought it brilliant!
• Others were very opposed