PERIODIZATION: 1914 - PRESENT

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PERIODIZATION1914 - PRESENT

• CONTINUITIES AND CHANGES IN THE PERIOD

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CONTINUITIES, BREAKS

• 1914 1939 and 1939 - 1945
• 30 Year World War
• Nationalism triumphant
• Western Europe at peak, beginning of challenge
• 1945 1989
• Bipolar World of US, USSR
• Decolonization, Internationalism
• Globalization, Consumerism
• 1989 Present
• Multi-polar world
• Decreased emphasis on ideologies
• The universal or global village?
• Rise of fundamentalism (reaction)

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GREAT TRANSFORMATION

• Prior to the 20th Century
• Completed
• In Western Europe
• In the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
• In Japan
• Beginning but not completed
• In Russia
• In Eastern and Southern Europe
• In the 20th Century
• Completed
• In Eastern Europe, Latin America
• In East Asia (China, Korea, Vietnam)
• In Parts of Southeast Asia
• In India, Central Asia including Mongolia
• In Turkey, Israel and a few SW Asian, North
  African nations
• In a few African nations such as South Africa
• Beginning but not completed
• In Most of Africa
• In Most of the Muslim world

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TRADITION

• Challenged by
• Modernism
• Industrialization
• Consumerism
• Secularization
• Westernization
• Often unable to compete, survive

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TRADITIONAL ECONOMIES

• Produce within a small community
• General uniformity of tasks, opportunities
• Change is slow and distrusted
• Generally autarkic
• Decisions based on tradition, elders, past
• Low, few or little
• Surplus
• Technology
• Capital
• Labor intensive
• Much land, resources held in common
• Production consumption
• Minimal trade

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MARKET ECONOMY

• Specialization
• Technology intensive
• Use artificial power
• Produce surpluses
• Profits are strongest motivation
• Dominated by credit, monetary institutions
• Trade critical
• Supply and demand determine price, availability
• Labor bought and sold as a factor
• Products bought not produced by individual labor
• Highly mechanized, technologized

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CONSUMERISM

• Workers
• Paid in wages, creating demand
• Workers need, creating supply
• Clothing, Housing, Food, Medicine
• Luxuries, Entertainment, Transportation
• Workers acquired free time
• Mass manufacture of consumer goods
• Mass marketing of elite culture

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URBANIZATION

• Focus of transformation is the city
• Most industries, opportunities located in cities
• To grow large, cities need
• Steel to build up
• Rail to transport around, bring in food
• Mass power to support life
• Cities grow
• Urban areas
• Metropolitan areas
• Suburbs
• Megapolis
• Conurbations

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SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

• Community or Society
• Community is small and personal villages and
  traditions
• Society is large and held together by permanent
  large institutions
• Lifestyle changes
• Extended families tended to be norm at start
• Families tend to become nuclear
• Families tend to be fragmented, not contiguous
• Women tend to become workers
• Women often acquire rights, powers in society
• Workers tend to become more educated
• Childhood lengthened, adulthood delayed
• Universal education is expanded
• Pace of life much accelerated
• Temporary relationships become common
• Change becomes frequent

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MASS POLITICS

• Expansion of electorate
• Universal male suffrage
• Universal female suffrage
• Enfranchisement of minorities
• Politics
• Is seen as marketplace of ideas
• Competition and compromise to obtain change
• Rise of political parties
• Parties become common, open to all
• Parties represent diverse factions
• People vote their interests
• Modern technology creates mass politics
• Age of Information leads to competition of ideas
• Rise of ideologies
• Parties compete for voters
• Modern technology allows for mass control
• Rise of totalitarian ideologies
• Rise of single party dictatorships

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BUREAUCRATIZATION

• Power of the state
• State minimally intrusive prior to 19th century
• Generally confined to politics, military, law
• Expands massively into
• Social areas and concerns
• Economics, Industry, Commerce
• Rolls created by war, increased technology
• Bureaucrats
• Become new social elites
• Regulate all aspects of public life
• Oversees expanding roll of government

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SECULARIZATION

• Process begun by Enlightenment
• Idea of progress, reform, perfectibility
• Notion of natural law, science
• Religion is a personal matter not public concern
• Science
• Knowledge applied
• Technology accelerates, achieves almost utopian
  world
• Scientist replaces clergyman
• Clergy explains by faith
• Scientist explains by experimentation, proof
• God diminished as irrational, unprovable
• Separation of church and state
• Humanism
• Human (civil) law replaces Gods law
• Human concerns, understandings dominate society
• Rise of ideology to replace theology
• Conflict between fundamentalism and humanism

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DECOLONIZATIONDEMOCRATIZATION

• Breakup of Western Empires
• World War I challenged western control
• Depression loosened links to mother countries
• World War II destroyed Western invincibility
• Democracy, US begin to insist up independence
• Political vs. Social, Economics Decolonization
• Self-Determination and Democratization
• Wilsons 14 Points, FDR and US model
• UN Declaration of Human Rights

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GLOBALIZATION

• Began with imperialism, colonies
• Expanded due to industrialization, trade
• Necessary for market economy, free trade
• Made possible by mass communication
• Telephone, telegraph, television
• Airplane, steam vessel
• Computer, Internet, instant communication
• Made unavoidable by economic specialization
• Fostered by universalizing agents
• Mass entertainment and culture
• Immigration and migration for work
• Mass religion

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DEMOGRAPHICS

• How much population is too much?
• Control factors
• Birth rate
• Death rate
• Life span
• Phases
• I Prior to 1450 (World)
• High Birth, High Death
• Slow population growth
• II Europe 16-18th Centuries
• High Birth rate, declining death rate
• Population increase
• III Europe, US, Canada 19th century world 20th
  century
• High Birth rate, low death rate, longer life span
• Population explosion
• IV Europe, US, Japan late 20th century
• Low Birth Rate, Low Death Rate
• Declining Population

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ENVIRONMENT

• 1750 1914 Saw European, parts of American areas
  effected
• 20th Century has seen effects spread throughout
  the world
• 20th Century has been an environmental disaster
• Examples
• Overpopulation and massive megapolis
• Deforestation especially of tropical zones
• Desertification has increased due to overgrazing,
  overfarming
• Overfishing of rich areas had reduced catches to
  extremely low areas
• Hunting of whales and sharks to near extinction
• Overgrazing of fragile zones
• Mass extinctions of animals
• Settlement of fragile zones (tide waters, coastal
  zones)
• Overuse of aquifers
• Pollution of the Arctic, Antarctic
• Environmental pollutants (fertilizers,
  radioactive ores) have made areas unlivable
• Reduction of habitats and zones in transition to
  farming, logging
• Pollution
• Water
• Air