1914

1
1914 Present20th century and Beyond

• AP World History
• Dr. Johnston and B. Shee (notes)
• Periodization Why 1914?

2
20th Century Ideologies

• Economic (communism/capitalism) vs Political
  (totalitarianism/democracy)
• Socialism vs. Marxism vs. Communism
• Fascism- Totalitarianism
• Representative democracy

3
World War I- The Great War
Global War war to end all wars millions dead,
trenches, flu, sparked more nationalism
4
BETWEEN THE WARSDepression, Appeasement,
Communism, Facism

• Versailles Treaty Germany unhappy later
  appeasement
• Depression hits Germany hard 1920s swinging
  in US
• Cycle of depression hits and stock crash Oct. 29,
  1929
• Russian Revolution
• Chinese Civil War and then Japan invasion
• Excess lands after WWI China, Mandate System
  Class A Mandates in Middle East (Palestine,
  Transjordan, Iraq)
• New Science and technology
• Rise of Facism and Nazism

5
World War II The Western Front
Allies (B., F.) vs. Axis (Germ., Italy,
Japan) Later Allies B., F., US, USSR vs. Axis
(G., I., Japan)

• D-Day June 6, 1944
• B. US Canadian troops to France (Normandy)
• Take back France, but G. held back for a year
• Hitler commits suicide and war ends in Europe

• Battle of Britain B. left to battle Germany
  alone France fell and rescue at Dunkirk
• -Germany blitzkrieg
• -Churchill we shall never surrender
• June-Sept. 1940
• Did not defeat B.
• -US joins ALLIES

6
World War II The Eastern Front

• US gets involved after Neutrality Acts (sell
  supplies to both sides) Pearl Harbor in Dec.
  1941
• Africa Italians took over Egypt, but not
  effectiveGermans helped in Al Alamein, but B.
  held them back
• Eisenhower led Americans into Morocco and Algeria
  won the area
• Invaded Italy Mussolini killed

• 1941 Hitler takes USSR (breaks treaty)
• Largest attack in history (Operation Barbossa)
• Leningrad cut off starving, but no surrender (1
  million dead)
• Germany goes after Stalingrad (near Moscow) and
  winter does them in
• Battle of the Bulge G. retreat

7
Revolutions

• New ideas about class, property, land reform
• How did this differ from 18th 19th century?

8
LATIN AMERICA1914-Present

• Politically independent in 1800s BUT unstable
  governments revolution, socialist attempts,
  dictatorships and military dictatorships ag.
  Socialism, 1990s democracy
• Economically Still under Western influence
  trying hard to strike out on their own hard
• NAFTA attempt
• Socially issues between white and natives very
  multi-national

9
Mexican Revolution (1911-1920)
Geographically lots of invasions and
interventions..rich bribed used forceGeneral
Diaz (34 yrs) Mexico declined 1 owned 85 of
land (haciendas) other end were Indians and
mestizos - Mexican Revolution haphazard Zapata
led revolt ag. Haciendas in South Pancho
Villa army of 3,000 seized haciendas in N.
create family ranches
10
RUSSIA

• Politically Changes in politics autocratic
  Tsar communism communist dictatorship end of
  communismbut mostly communist
• Socially and Economically not even, superpower
  but not everyone feels human rights or economic
  well-being

11
Russian Revolution
Peace, Bread, and Land

• Czar and WWI too much for Russia
• Bolshevik Revolution (Communists) wins Civil War
  under Trotsky 1917
• Country almost destroyed Lenin introduces his
  NEP which allowed peasants to sell surplus
  instead of turning it over to governmentbut
  Lenin still wanted to turn USSR into industrial
  countrypeasants pay for it!
• Stalin in 1926 has Trotsky expelled and begins
  hard-line communist dictatorship
• Great Purge

Lenin leader of Bolshevik Rev.
12
ASIA

• SOUTH ASIA Under British, gains independence
  economically strong, but not still poverty loses
  Pakistan Muslim vs. Hindus Sikh issues with
  Indira Gandhi
• CHINA Western control, fights with Japan,
  becomes communist (Mao), Deng allows some
  economic capitalism, still human rights issues
• JAPAN Imperialistic, WWII loses and focuses on
  economy (no more emperor power)

13
Chinese Revolutions

• Nationalists come to power, replace Qing
• Communists Nationalists work together (ag.
  Japanese) and vie for power (i.e. Long March)
• Communists win in 1949 with MAO

14
Cuban Revolution

• In 1950s, Batista unpopular dictator (US
  support)
• Fidel Casto leads a totalitarian revolution
  suspends elections, jails opponents, controls
  press, nationalized economy and took away US
  sugar mills/refineries
• US intervene Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis
  (nuclear war threat!!!)
• Cuba dependent on Soviets but Soviets crash in
  the 90s Cuba reforms

15
MIDDLE EAST

• 1914 Ottoman Balfour Declaration 1918
  mandatesunder W. influence
• WWII end Israel begins wars w. Egypt/etc.
• Attempts at peace
• Terrorism ag. Israel and US/Western problems
• Economically Oil and OPEC Iraq and Kuwait
  Persian Gulf Wars

16
Iranian Revolution
Clash between Islamic values and Western
materialism (oil) IRAN is best example of this

• Shah westernized Iran (with US help/support)
  but millions lived in poverty
• Shah tried to weaken the Muslim leaders called
  Ayatollahs, but Ayatollah Khomeini incited riots
  in 1978 Shah fled and Khomeini took over
• Militant Islamic, anti-US, 1979 took US Embassy
  in Tehran

17
A New Age of Conflict

• Role of technology how does war change
• Continued Impact of Disease (AIDS, SARS)
• Connection of Nationalism to conflict (Middle
  East, genocide in Africa)
• Balance power politics vs ethnic nationalism

18
The Cold War
19
Cold War Ideas
-

• East West Germany and Berlin Iron Curtain
  Falls
• Policy of Containment (block Soviet
  influence/expansion)
• Truman Doctrine support countries that reject
  Comm and Marshall Plan (rebuilding project and
  aid for above)
• Threat of Nuclear War brinkmanship
• Korea (38th parallel N comes into SUN
  intervenes
• Vietnam US afraid of Domino Theory nervous
  about communist guerrillas in the South (17th
  parallel) go in!
• Détente with Nixon and SALT agreements
• Reagan ratches it up again and then communism
  falls

20
International Organizations

• UN created to protect members against Aggression
• General Assembly and 11-member Security Council
  to settle disputes 5 permanent members who have
  veto (B., China, F., US and USSR)
• USSR boycotting UN when UN decided to go into
  Korea
• NATO defensive military alliance (west) vs.
  WARSAW PACT (East)

21
Wars of Independence
22
AFRICA

• 1914 Politically Scramble for Africa still
  colonial powers
• WWII Africa more involved in WWII sees
  nationalism and ideas of WWII inspires
  independence decolonizes
• Ghana, Kenya, Algeria
• South Africa
• Economically still a problem

23
Independence
24
Decolonization

• A long and painful process
• Colonial legacies brought about anti-colonial
  nationalism and used lessons of war
• THREE patterns - negotiated independence
  (India)
• - Civil War (China)
• - Incomplete decolonization (Palestine, S.
  Africa and Vietnam)

25
Colonial Legacy
26
Global Economics

• Global Depression
• North and South
• Interdependence
• Emergence of Pacific Rim
• Globalization pros and cons?
• NAFTA and W.T.O.
• Consumerism
• Religious response to Globalization

27
International Terrorism
28
Human Rights

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
• Genocide Convention, 1948
• Armenian 1918
• Jewish Holocaust 1930s- 1940s
• Cambodia- Pol Pot 1975- 1979
• Rwanda, 1994
• Child Labor, Soldiers, Slavery

29
Genocide
30
Social Reforms

• Rise of Feminism (suffrage for women)
• Civil rights movements globally
• Anti-apartheid movement in South Africa
• Class, religious, racial, gender, and sexual
  orientation, reforms worldwide

31
Human Environmental and Demographics Interaction

• Continued Urbanization
• Green Revolution
• Deforestation
• Ozone depletion
• Global environmental efforts
• World Population 7 billion global impact?

32
World Population
33
Conclusions

• Impact of technology?
• Role of International Organizations?
• Challenges?
• Universal truths?