Biol 155 Human Physiology

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Fluid Balance
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Balance

• Fluid Balance
• When the water coming into the body precisely
  equals the water being lost by the body each day.
• Electrolyte Balance
• Gains and losses of electrolytes are equal.
• Acid-base balance
• When the production of H is precisely offset by
  H loss and/ or HCO3- production.

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Overall body composition
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Ionic composition of body fluids
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Electrolyte balance
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Acid-base balance
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Respiratory acid-base regulation
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Metabolic acid-base regulation
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The Integumentary System An Overview
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Integumentary system functions

• Protection
• Excretion
• Temperature maintenance
• Nutrient storage
• Vitamin D3 synthesis
• Sensory detection

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The integumentary system consists of

• Cutaneous membrane
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Accessory structures
• Subcutaneous layer

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The Components of the Integumentary System
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Thin Skin and Thick Skin

• The epidermis is composed of layers of
  keratinocytes
• Thin skin four layers (strata)
• Thick skin five layers

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The epidermis

• Provides mechanical protection
• Prevents fluid loss
• Keeps microorganisms from invading the body

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Layers of the epidermis

• Stratum germinativum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum lucidum (found in thick skin only)
• Stratum corneum

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The Epidermal Ridges of Thick Skin
Figure 5.3
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Epidermal characteristics

• Cells accumulate keratin and eventually are shed
• Epidermal ridges are interlocked with dermal
  papillae
• Fingerprints
• Improve gripping ability
• Langerhans cells (immunity) in s. spinosum
• Merkel cells (sensitivity) in s. germinativum

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The Structure of the Epidermis
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Skin color depends on

• Blood supply
• Carotene and melanin
• Melanocytes produce melanin and protect from UV
  radiation
• Epidermal pigmentation
• Interrupted blood supply leads to cyanosis

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Melanocytes
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Epidermal cells

• Synthesize vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) when
  exposed to UV
• Respond to epidermal growth factor
• Growth
• Division
• Repair
• Secretion

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Dermal Organization

• Papillary layer
• Contains blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory
  nerves of epidermis
• Reticular layer
• Contains network of collagen and elastic fibers
  to resist tension

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Dermal Circulation and innervation

• Cutaneous plexus arteries found in subcutaneous
  layer/ papillary dermis
• Cutaneous sensory receptors (light touch,
  pressure)

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Stretch marks

• Caused by excessive stretching of the dermis
• Patterns of collagen and elastic fibers form
  lines of cleavage

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Lines of Cleavage of the Skin
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Hypodermis

• Stabilizes skins position against underlying
  organs and tissues

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Hairs

• Originate in hair follicle
• Composed of root and shaft
• Root base (hair papilla) surrounded by hair bulb
  and root hair plexus
• Hairs have soft medulla and hard cortex
• Cuticle superficial dead protective layer

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Hair types

• Vellus hairs (peach fuzz)
• Terminal hairs ( heavy)
• Club hair (cessation of growth)
• Shed and grow according to hair growth cycle
• Arrector pili muscle attaches to hair

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The Anatomy of a Single Hair
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Hair Follicles
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Glands in the skin

• Sebaceous (oil)
• Suderiferous (sweat)
• Mammary
• Ceruminous

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Sebaceous glands

• Discharge waxy sebum onto hair shaft when
  associated with hairs
• Sebaceous follicles discharge onto epidermal
  surface

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Sebaceous Glands and Follicles
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Suderiferous glands

• Apocrine sweat glands
• Produce odorous secretion
• Merocrine (eccrine) sweat gland
• Sensible perspiration

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Figure 5.12 Sweat Glands
Figure 5.12a, b
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Other glands

• Mammary glands
• Structurally similar to apocrine sweat glands
• Ceruminous glands
• In ear, produce waxy cerumen

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Nails

• Nail body covers the nail bed
• Nail production occurs at the nail root
• Eponychium (cuticle) overlies root
• Free edge of nail extends over hyponychium

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The Structure of a Nail
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Injury and repair

• Regenerates easily
• Regeneration process includes formation of
• Scab
• Granulation tissue
• Scar tissue

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Integumentary Repair
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Integumentary Repair
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With age

• Integument thins
• Blood flow decreases
• Cellular activity decreases
• Repairs occur more slowly