The Circulatory System

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The Circulatory System
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What does the Circulatory System do?

• The Circulatory System is made of blood vessels,
  arteries, veins and capillaries that inall one
  sync that contributes to fueling your body with
  rich oxygen. Without the circulatory your body
  would not be able to survive. If the circulatory
  system fails your vital will not be pumped blood
  which means they will not receive oxygen to
  function properly, in which they will shut down
  and stop working.

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Blood and Its Components

• Blood is a mixture of cells (White Blood Cells
  and Red Blood Cells) and a watery liquid called
  plasma which lets the cells travel through the
  body with ease. Blood also contains nutrients
  (sugars), hormones, clotting agents, and waste
  products that will be flushed out of the body.
• There are three types of cells in the blood
  stream red blood cells, white blood cells and
  platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the
  lungs to the entire body, white blood cells fight
  infection and platelets help in clotting.

Red blood cells (also known as erythrocytes) are
what make up most of the bloodstream(40-45) and
these are what give blood is characteristic
color. Red blood cells are like little tiny
doughnuts with a tiny indentation in the middle
instead of a hole. They contain a special
molecule called hemoglobin which is what carries
the oxygen through the body.
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Blood Types

• Karl Landsteiner first identified the major human
  blood groups -- namely O, A, B, and AB -- in a
  series of experiments in 1901 that earned him the
  Nobel Prize. (At the time, Landsteiner identified
  only groups A, B, and O further analysis, two
  years later, revealed AB.)
• The ABO blood groups are defined by specific
  inherited molecules, or antigens, that are
  present on the surface of red blood cells.
• Thus, one inherits either A or B antigens (group
  A or B), both A and B antigens (group AB), or
  neither antigen (group O).
• Conversely, a person develops a natural immunity,
  or antibody, in their plasma to the ABO antigens
  that are absent on their own red cells.
• Thus, a group A person has anti-B antibodies, and
  group O person has both anti-A and anti-B
  antibodies.

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Blood Types

• There are many other antigens on the red cell
  surface. The most important is the Rh factor.
• A person is defined as either Rh positive or Rh
  negative depending on the presence of the primary
  Rh antigen on the red cell.
• In contrast to ABO antigens, however, a person
  only develops anti-Rh after exposure to
  Rh-positive red cells through transfusion or
  pregnancy.
• Modern blood-banking technology uses highly
  sensitive tests to properly identify and match
  blood between donor and recipient.
• The most common blood types in the U.S. are A
  and O -- about 72 percent of the population has
  one or the other. AB- is the rarest blood type (1
  percent of the population).

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The Heart

• The heart believe it or not is one of the most
  important organs in the body. The heart beats
  around 72 times a minute throughout our lives. It
  is no more the a pump made of almost all muscle
  used to pump oxygen rich blood to parts of the
  body in need of it. This pump also removes the
  ending waste product the body does not need.
• Example The Brain requires oxygen and glucose,
  which not received non-stop will cause it to
  lose consciousness.
• The heart is just a little larger then a fist.
  Even so, it works just like any other muscle in
  the body by contracting and expanding. The heart
  unlike the skeletal muscles works on an
  All-or-Nothing Law this means that each time the
  heart contracts it uses its full force.

• The pumping of the heart is called Cardiac
  Cycle. This means that the cycle lasts about
  eight-tenths of a second. During the cycle the
  entire heart gets about four-tenths of a second
  to rest.
• The walls of the heart are made up of three
  layers while the cavity is divided into four
  parts. The two upper parts of the heart are
  called the left and right atria and the two lower
  parts are the left and right ventricles. The
  Right Atrium receives blood from the body through
  the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
  as well as the heart muscle itself to the
  coronary sinus. The right atrium opens into the
  right ventricle through the right atrioventicular
  valve(tricuspid).

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The Heart Continued

• The Right Ventricle pumps blood to the lungs to
  be reoxygenated. The left atrium receives blood
  from the lungs via the four pulmonary veins. The
  valve between the left atrium and left ventricle
  the left atrioventicular (bicuspid) is smaller
  then the tricuspid. The left ventricle pumps
  blood throughout the entire body it is called
  the Aorta, which is the largest artery in the
  body and begins from the left ventricle.

• It is the Atria that draw blood from the lungs
  to the body, and the ventricles are the ones that
  pump blood to the lungs and body.

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Blood Vessels

• The blood moves through the body through the
  blood vessels -- essentially, flexible tubes that
  branch out and subdivide. There are different
  types of blood vessels the arteries,
  capillaries, and veins.

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Arteries

• Arteries carry the oxygen-rich blood that the
  heart pumps to the rest of the body. The heart
  pumps the blood out through one main artery, the
  dorsal aorta.
• This branches out into smaller arteries, which
  branch out in turn. The smallest arteries are
  called arterioles, and connect to capillaries.

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Arteries

• Because the arteries carry large quantities of
  blood that is under high pressure from the
  beating of the heart, they are wide and thick.
• The walls of an artery consist of three layers
  a tough outer layer, a middle layer of muscle,
  and a smooth inner layer through which the blood
  can flow easily.

• The muscles in the middle layer help the heart
  pump the blood, squeezing down to move the blood
  along.
• You can feel the pulsing of the arteries, thats
  your pulse.

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Vena Cava

• The inferior vena cava (or IVC) is the large vein
  that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower
  half of the body into the heart.

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Pulmonary

• The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart
  to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other
  than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry
  deoxygenated blood.

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Ulnar Artery

• The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with
  oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the
  forearm. It arises from the brachial artery and
  terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which
  joins with the superficial branch of the radial
  artery. It is palpable on the anterior and medial
  aspect of the wrist.

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Radial Artery

• In human anatomy, the radial artery is the main
  blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the
  lateral aspect of the forearm.

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Renal Artery

• The renal arteries normally arise off the side of
  the abdominal aorta, immediately below the
  superior mesenteric artery, and supply the
  kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the
  crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a
  right angle with the aorta.

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Brachial Artery

• The brachial artery is the major blood vessel of
  the upper arm.

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Aorta

• The aorta (pronounced "ay-OR-tuh") is the largest
  artery in the human body, originating from the
  left ventricle of the heart and bringing
  oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the
  systemic circulation.

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Subclavian Artery

• In human anatomy, the subclavian artery is a
  major artery of the upper thorax that mainly
  supplies blood to the head and arms. It is
  located below the clavicle, hence the name. There
  is a left subclavian and a right subclavian.

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External Carotid Artery

• In human anatomy, the external carotid artery is
  a major artery of the head and neck. It arises
  from the common carotid artery when it bifurcates
  into an internal and external branch.

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Internal Carotid Artery

• In human anatomy, the internal carotid artery is
  a major artery of the head and neck that helps
  supply blood to the brain.

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Capillaries

• Blood passes from the arterioles into the
  capillaries. Capillaries are very narrow -- only
  one cell wide.
• They have very thin walls made of overlapping
  flat cells called endothelium the walls are thin
  so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass
  through them easily.
• Inside the capillaries, the red blood cells
  release their oxygen, which passes through the
  capillary walls and into the surrounding tissue.
• The tissue releases its waste products, like
  carbon dioxide, which passes through the
  capillary walls and into the red blood cells.

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Sinusoids

• Some organs -- the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
  -- contain blood vessels called sinusoids instead
  of capillaries.
• Like capillaries, sinusoids are composed of
  endothelium. Sinusoids are a bit larger than
  capillaries.

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Veins

• From the capillaries/sinusoids, the
  de-oxygenated, waste-laden blood passes into the
  veins for its return trip to the heart.
• Veins are like arteries in that they have three
  layers. But since the blood is not under as much
  pressure, the walls of veins are thinner.
• Veins contain one-way valves to keep the blood
  flowing toward the heart, even against the pull
  of gravity. Because the blood in veins contains
  so little oxygen, it appears bluish rather than
  bright red.
• That's why the veins you can see through your
  skin (for example, in the underside of your
  wrist) are blue.

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Saphenous

• The great saphenous vein (GSV), also greater
  saphenous vein, is the large (subcutaneous)
  superficial vein of the leg and thigh. First
  described by the Persian physician Avicenna in
  the 11th century, it derives its name from the
  term 'Safin' meaning hidden. It travels mostly in
  its own fascial compartment in the thigh and is
  hence 'hidden'.

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External Jugular Vein

• The external jugular vein receives the greater
  part of the blood from the exterior of the
  cranium and the deep parts of the face, being
  formed by the junction of the posterior division
  of the posterior facial with the posterior
  auricular vein.

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Internal Jugular Vein

• The internal jugular vein collects the blood from
  the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and
  the neck.

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Pulmonary Veins

• The four pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood
  from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
  They are the only veins in the post-fetal human
  body that carry oxygenated (red) blood.

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Subclavian veins

• In human anatomy, the subclavian veins are two
  large veins, one on either side of the body. Its
  diameter is approximately that of a man's small
  finger. It is divided into right and left
  subclavian vein.

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External Iliac Veins

• The external iliac veins are large veins that
  connect the femoral veins to the common iliac
  veins. Their origin is at the inferior margin of
  the inguinal ligaments and they terminate when
  they join the internal iliac veins (to form the
  common iliac veins).

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Basilic Vein

• In human anatomy, the basilic vein is a large
  superficial vein of the upper limb that helps
  drain parts of hand and forearm. It originates on
  the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous
  network of the hand, and it travels up the base
  of the forearm and arm. Most of its course is
  superficial it generally travels in the fat and
  other fasciae that lie superficial to the muscles
  of the upper extremity. Because of this, it is
  usually visible through the skin.

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Superior Vena Cava

• The superior vena cava is a large, yet short vein
  that carries de-oxygenated blood from the upper
  half of the body to the heart's right atrium.

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Femoral Vein

• In the human body, the femoral vein is a blood
  vessel that accompanies the femoral artery in the
  femoral sheath. It begins at the adducto canal
  (also known as Hunter's canal) and is a
  continuation of the popliteal vein. It ends at
  the inferior margin of the inguinal ligament,
  where it becomes the external iliac vein.

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