Energy transformation

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Energy transformation
2
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???

• Chloroplast ??? mitochondria ???? organelles
  ??????????????????????????????????????
• ??Chloroplast ????????????? photosynthesis
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ??? mitochondria ????????????? cellular
  respiration ?????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ATP ???????????????????????
  ?????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????

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ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
?????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????
4
????? P ?????????????? ?????????????????????????
???????????????? ?????????????????????????
???????? ATP ??????? P ???????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????
????????????????? ATP ????????????????????????????
?????????????
5
ATP ???????????????????????????????????????
6
???????????? ATP ??????????????????????????????
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ATP ????????????????

• ??????????????????? ATP ??? Phosphorylation
  ?????????????????????
• Oxidative phosphorylation
• Substrate phosphorylation
• Photophosphorylation

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Oxidative phosphorylation
???????? ATP ????????????? e- ????????? e-
???? NADH, FADH2 ?? e- transport chain ???
mitochondria ????? O2 ?????????? e- ??????????
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Substrate phosphorylation
ATP ????????????????????? P ?????????????????????
?????????????????? ADP ?????? ????? enzyme ???????
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Photophosphorylation
???????? e- ?????? ??????????????? e- transport
chain ?? chloroplast ??????????????? ATP
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Metabolic pathway
????????? metabolism ?????????????????????????????
??????????? ???????????
????????????????????? enzymes ????????????????????
???????
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• Enzyme ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ??????????????????
• ??????????????? optimum factors

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The induced fit between an enzyme and its
substrate
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The catalytic cycle of an enzyme
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• ???????????????????????????? enzyme ???????
• Temperture
• pH
• Inhibition (noncompetitive inhibition,
  Competitive inhibition)

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Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity
Temperature
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pH
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Inhibiton of enzyme activity
A substrate can normally bind to the active site
of an enzyme
Competitive inhibitor
Noncompetitive inhibitor
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• Cofactor Helpers of enzymes
• enzymes ??????????????? cofactor
  ????????????????????????????? ???????????? ions
  ?????? Mg , K, Ca
• cofactors ????? ???? organic molecules
  ??????????? enzymes ???????????????? carrier
  ?????? chemical group ???? e-
• Coenzymes ?????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ??? ???????????? vitamine ?????? ???? vitamine
  ???????? ???? niacin, thamin (vit B1),
  riboflavin, folate ??? biotin ????????????????????
  ????? coenzymes
• ???????????? NAD, NADP, FAD

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NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
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• NAD
• ?????????
• ???????????? enzyme ????????????? e- ???????????
  oxidation-reduction

Oxidation
NAD oxidized coenzyme NADH reduced coenzyme
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Cellular respiration ?????????? 2 ?????????
??? Aerobic cellular respiration Fermentation
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Aerobic cellular respiration ???????????????????
?????? ??????????? ATP ????? O2 ?????????? e-
??????????
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???????????? cellular respiration ???????????
Oxidation ??? glucose
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• Fermentation
• ????????????????????????? ??????????? ATP ?????
  organic compounds ?????????? e-
• ???? anaerobic process
• ??????????????? glucose ???????????? ?????
  lactate (animal cell) ???? CO2 alcohol (yeast)
• ??? 2 ATP

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• Aerobic cellular respiration ??????????
• Glycolysis
• Krebs cycle
• Electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative
  phosphorylation

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Aerobic cellular respiration
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• ???????????????????????????????? glucose
  ??????????? ??? product ????????????????
• ?????????? O2 ??????????? ?????????????????
  glucose ???? O2 ??? glucose ??????????????????
  ?????????????????
• Glycolysis ??????????? cytoplasm ??? pyruvate
• Pyruvate ???????? mitochondria ??????????????????
  ????? CO2 H2O ???????????? ATP
• CO2 , H2O ??? ATP ?????????? mitochondria ?????
  cytoplasm
• ATP ???????????????????????????? CO2
  ??????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????
  ???? H2O ???????????????????

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Glycolysis
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?????????????????????? mitochondria ???????
pyruvate ???????? mitochondria
Net
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Krebs cycle ??????? mitochondria matrix
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(No Transcript)
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The pathway of electron transport

• ETC ?????????? electron carrier molecules (??????
  e-)????????? inner mitochondrial membrane
• ?????? e- ?????????? e-
• H ???????????????????????????????? intermembrane
  space

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• O2 ???????????? e- ?????????? ?????????? H
  ???????? H2O

• ???????
• ETC ????????????? ATP ?????? ???????????? H
  gradient ???????????????? mitochondria
  ???????????????????????????????????????
  phosphorylation

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• ATP synthase ???? protein cmplex
  ??????????????????? ATP ??????????????????????????
  ???? H
• ???????? ATP ?????????????? Chemiosmotic ATP
  synthesis

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Electron transport chain and oxidative
phosphorylation
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Review how each molecules of glucose yields many
ATP molecules during cellular respiration
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Fermentation (Backup ATP production)
???? ???????? product ????? ??????????? enzyme
?????????????????
39

• ????? fermentation ????? 2ATP
• NADH ????????? fermantation ???????????????? NAD
  ?????????? glycolysis ???

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Alcohol fermentation (yeast)
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Lactic acid fermentation (animal cell)
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Pyruvate as a key junction in catabolism
????? Glycolysis ??? pyruvate ????????????????????
????? fermentation ???? aerobic cellular
respiration ??????????????????????????? O2
??????? ??????????????????????????????????????????
??? 2 ???
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• ????????? fermantation ????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ATP ????????????
  ??????????????? muscle cell ?????? fermentation
  ????????????????????????????????????????? ????
  ???? fermentation ???????????????????? ATP ???
  lactate ?? muscle cell ????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
  ???????????????? O2 ????????????????? lactate
  ???????????????? ????????????????? pyruvate
• ????????????? ????? glucose ????????
  ????????????? anaerobic ??????? alcohol ???????
  alcohol ?????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????? fermentation
  ???????????????????????????

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The catabolism of various food molecules
?????????????????????????????????? fats,
proteins, disaccharides ??? polysaccharides
???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????
???????????? enzymes ?????????????????????????????
glycolysis ???? Krebs cycle ???
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The control of cellular respiration

• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????? ???????????? feedback
  inhibition
• ????????? Glycolysis ??? Krebs cycle ?????????
  Phosphofructokinase

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• ?????? ATP, ADP ??? AMP ??????????????????
  Phosphofructokinase
• ADP, AMP ???? allosteric activators
  ????????????????????????? enzyme ?????? ???????
  Glycolysis ??? Krebs cycle ??????????? ???????
  ATP ?????????????????
• Citrate ??? ATP ???? allosteric inhibitors
  ???????? enzyme ????????????????? ???????
  glycolysis ???????? acetyl Co A
  ??????????????????

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Photosynthesis

• ??????????? 2 ???????
• Light reactions
• Calvin cycle

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(No Transcript)
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• Light reactions
• ??????????? thylakoid membranes
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??? ATP ??? NADPH
• ??? O2 ????????????????

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• Calvin cycle reactions
• ??????????? stroma
• ??????????????????? CO2 ????????? sugur
  ?????????????????????? Light reaction (ATP,
  NADPH)
• ??? ADP, Pi, NADP??????????? light reaction

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Comparison of aerobic cellular respiration and
photosynthesis