Splash Screen

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Splash Screen
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Contents
Chapter 10 The Federal Bureaucracy
Chapter Focus Section 1 Bureaucratic
Organization Section 2 The Civil Service
System Section 3 The Bureaucracy at Work Chapter
Assessment
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Why Its Important
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Chapter Objectives
Chapter Objectives

• Bureaucratic Organization Describe the functions
  of the cabinet, independent government agencies,
  and regulatory commissions.

• The Civil Service System Evaluate the
  effectiveness of the civil service system.
• The Bureaucracy at Work Summarize the
  advantages and disadvantages of the federal
  bureaucracy.

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End of Chapter Focus
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Section 1 Introduction-1
Bureaucratic Organization

• Key Terms
• bureaucrat, embassy, government corporation,
  deregulate, procurement

Find Out
What is the general organizational structure
of the 15 cabinet level departments?
How are independent government agencies
different from regulatory commissions?
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Section 1 Introduction-2
Bureaucratic Organization

• Understanding Concepts
• Public Policy How does government bureaucracy
  serve the executive branch in carrying out the
  will of the peoples representatives?

Section Objective
Describe the functions of the cabinet,
independent government agencies, and regulatory
commissions.
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Section 1-1

• The first female Secretary of State, Madeleine
  Albright, speaks English, French, Czech, Russian,
  and Polish. Her language skills helped her
  perform well in her previous job as the United
  States representative to the United Nations,
  where many different languages are involved in
  conducting international affairs.

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Section 1-2
I. The Cabinet Departments (pages 276279)

• A. The Founders anticipated the need for federal
  agencies to carry on the daily business of
  government currently nearly 3 million civilians
  work in the federal government.

1. These departments are headed by secretaries and
   staffed with assistant secretaries, deputy
   secretaries, and directors of major unitsC.

• These 15 executive departments,
• headed by cabinet-rank officers, are
• a major part of the federal bureaucracy.

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Section 1-3
I. The Cabinet Departments (pages 276279)
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Section 1-4
I. The Cabinet Departments (pages 276279)

• D. Two of the four departments created by
  Congress in 1789 are still among the most
  important the Departments of State and of the
  Treasury.

E. The other 13 departments are the Departments
of the Interior, Agriculture, Justice, Commerce,
Labor, Defense, Health and Human Services,
Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development,
Transportation, Energy, Education, and Veterans
Affairs.
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Section 1-5
I. The Cabinet Departments (pages 276279)
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Section 1-6
I. The Cabinet Departments (pages 276279)
Which cabinet office performs the most essential
service? Explain.
Answers will vary. Students should describe the
service they believe is most essential.
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Section 1-7
II. Independent Agencies (pages 279280)

• A. The federal bureaucracy includes over 100
  independent organizations whose heads are
  appointed by the president.

B. The services of several independent agencies,
such as the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, are widely publicized and are as
large and well known as cabinet departments.
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Section 1-8
II. Independent Agencies (pages 279280)

• C. Some agencies such as the Central Intelligence
  Agency and the General Services Administration
  provide services directly for the executive
  branch.

D. Government corporations are independent
agencies that directly serve the public, such as
the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the
United States Postal Service.
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Section 1-9
II. Independent Agencies (pages 279280)
How do government corporations differ from
private corporations?
Government corporations may be given monopolistic
powers by Congress, and they are funded by public
money.
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Section 1-10
III. Regulatory Commissions (pages 281283)

• A. are independent of all three branches of
  government

B. make rules for businesses and industries that
affect the public interest C. are often under
intense pressures from the groups they regulate
and their lobbyists D. have become more
limited in their powers because critics have
complained that they overregulate the economy
E. were the subject of regulatory reform by the
Republican Congress in the mid-1990s.
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Section 1-11
III. Regulatory Commissions (pages 281283)
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Section 1-12
III. Regulatory Commissions (pages 281283)
Do you support or oppose the federal governments
move toward deregulation of industries and
businesses? Explain.
Answers will vary. Students should provide
logical reasons for their opinions.
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Section 1 Assessment-1
Checking for Understanding

• 1. Main Idea Using a Venn diagram like the one
  below, analyze how regulatory commissions and
  independent agencies are alike and how they are
  different.

Regulatory commissions make rules for
businesses do not report to the president.
Independent commissions serve the government or
the public. Both part of the bureaucracy.
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Section 1 Assessment-2
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___ bureaucrat ___ embassy ___ government
corporation ___ deregulate ___ procurement

• A. an ambassadors official residence and offices
  in a foreign country
• B. one who works for a department or agency of
  the federal government
• C. to reduce regulations
• D. the purchasing of materials
• E. a business that the federal government runs

B A E C D
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Section 1 Assessment-3
Checking for Understanding

• 3. Identify Department of State, Department of
  the Treasury.

The Department of State is responsible for the
overall foreign policy of the United States. The
Department of the Treasury is responsible for
managing monetary resources of the United States.
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Section 1 Assessment-4
Checking for Understanding

• 4. How are cabinet departments organized?

A secretary heads each department. The second in
command is the deputy or undersecretary, then
assistant secretaries. Under these top officials
are the directors of the departments major units
and their assistants.
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Section 1 Assessment-5
Critical Thinking

• 5. Making Inferences Why is it important that
  regulatory commissions be free from political
  pressures?

It is important that the regulatory commissions
be free from political pressures so that they can
be impartial about policies, subject to fewer
influences, and regulate what they were created
to control.
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Section 1 Concepts in Action

• Public Policy Imagine that you are on a
  presidential commission looking into the
  establishment of a new executive department.
  Decide on an important issue facing the country
  today. Think of a new executive department to
  deal with this issue. Present your suggestion,
  with reasons, as an oral presentation to the
  commission.

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End of Section 1
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Section 2 Introduction-1
The Civil Service System

• Key Terms
• spoils system, civil service system

Find Out
How did the civil service system attempt to
reform the spoils system?
What is the difference between a civil servant
and a political appointee?
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Section 2 Introduction-2
The Civil Service System

• Understanding Concepts
• Civic Participation How does the civil service
  system provide access to government jobs?

Section Objective
Evaluate the effectiveness of the civil service
system.
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Section 2-1

• During the New Deal, the total federal government
  bureaucracy was smaller than the number of people
  hired by just one government agency. From 1935 to
  1941, an average of 2.1 million citizens who
  needed jobs were employed by the Works Progress
  Administration on various federal projects. Not
  until 1978 did the federal government bureaucracy
  grow to 2.1 million employees.

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Section 2-2
I. Civil Service System (pages 284285)

• A. Only 11 percent of all federal government
  employees work in Washington, D.C.

B. Many federal employees work in offices
throughout the United States and the world.
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Section 2-3
I. Civil Service System (pages 284285)
Compare the composition of the federal workforce
today with the workforce in the private sector.
About 30 percent of federal workers represent
minorities versus 22 percent of the private
sector workforce.
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Section 2-4
II. Origins (pages 285286)

• A. Government jobs became a spoils system under
  President Andrew Jackson.

B. The spoils system led to inefficiency and
corruption in government. C. Calls for reform
started in the 1850s. D. The assassination of
President Garfield by a disappointed office
seeker led to the Pendleton Act of 1883,
establishing the present civil service system
based on competitive examinations and merit.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vN6USyilfk6w
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vj6-x_lIhUq8feature
fvsr
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Section 2-4
E. Assassinated Presidents
1 Successful assassinations 1.1 Abraham Lincoln
1.2 James A. Garfield 1.3 William McKinley 1.4
John F. Kennedy 2 Failed assassination attempts
2.1 Andrew Jackson 2.2 Abraham Lincoln 2.3
Theodore Roosevelt 2.4 Herbert Hoover 2.5
Franklin D. Roosevelt 2.6 Harry S. Truman 2.7
John F. Kennedy 2.8 Richard Nixon 2.9 Gerald
Ford 2.10 Jimmy Carter 2.11 Ronald Reagan 2.12
George H. W. Bush 2.13 Bill Clinton 2.14 George
W. Bush 2.15 Barack Obama 3 Presidential deaths
rumored to be assassinations 3.1 Zachary Taylor
3.2 Warren G. Harding
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Section 2-5
II. Origins (pages 285286)
Do you think the spoils system plays a greater or
lesser role in government today than it did
during Andrew Jacksons presidency? Explain.
As a percentage of workers lesser, although
presidents appoint about 2,000 officials today.
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Section 2-6
III. The Civil Service System Today (pages
286288)

• A. Applicants for federal jobs are evaluated on
  the basis of their experience and training.

B. Government jobs are attractive because they
offer many benefits. C. Government workers,
unlike most private sector workers, have job
security and are difficult to fire. D. The
Hatch Act of 1939 was intended to prevent
political parties from using federal workers to
aid in election campaigns in recent years,
critics have argued for and against this law,
with workers now permitted some involvement in
politics.
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Section 2-7
III. The Civil Service System Today (pages
286288)
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Section 2-8
III. The Civil Service System Today (pages
286288)
With which parts of the 1939 Hatch Act do you
agree or disagree? Explain.
Answers will vary. See text pages 287288 for
discussion of the Hatch Act.
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Section 2-9
IV. Political Appointees in Government (page
s 288289)

• A. Nearly 10 percent of executive branch
  employees are appointed by the president,
  including many choice jobs this allows the
  president to place loyal supporters in key
  offices.

B. These political appointees are outside civil
service and are first and foremost the
presidents political supporters.
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Section 2-10
IV. Political Appointees in Government (page
s 288289)

• C. Political appointees are not experts in the
  work of their agencies, and when the president
  leaves office many of them return to private
  sector jobs.

D. Many political appointees hold their positions
for short tenures, making it hard for them to
learn about their jobs. As a result, much of the
real power over daily operations remains in the
hands of career officials.
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Section 2-11
IV. Political Appointees in Government (page
s 288289)
Should something be done to avoid the problem of
short tenures for political appointees? Why or
why not?
Answers will vary. See text page 289 for
discussion of short tenures.
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Section 2 Assessment-1
Checking for Understanding

• 1. Main Idea Using a graphic organizer like the
  one below, note the advantages and disadvantages
  of the spoils system and the civil service system.

Spoils advantagesallows victorious politicians
to reward their followers disadvantagesinefficie
ncy, corruption, government workers without
needed expertise. Civil service
advantagescompetitive salaries, paid vacations,
health insurance, early retirement, job security
disadvantagesdifficult to terminate incompetent
and inefficient workers.
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Section 2 Assessment-2
Checking for Understanding

• 2. Define spoils system, civil service system.

The spoils system is the practice of victorious
politicians rewarding their followers with
government jobs. The civil service system is the
practice of government employment based on
competitive exams and merit.
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Section 2 Assessment-3
Checking for Understanding

• 3. Identify Andrew Jackson, Pendleton Act, Hatch
  Act.

Andrew Jackson became president in 1829 and
immediately fired about 1,000 workers, replacing
them with his own political supporters. His
method of appointing federal workers became known
as the spoils system. The Pendleton Act, passed
by Congress in 1883, created the present civil
service system. The Hatch Act limits how involved
federal government employees can become in
elections.
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Section 2 Assessment-4
Checking for Understanding

• 4. What two agencies now make up the former Civil
  Service Commission?

The Office of Personnel Management and the Merit
System Protection Board now make up the former
Civil Service Commission.
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Section 2 Assessment-5
Critical Thinking

• 5. Synthesizing Information Why do you think
  political supporters are so eager to fill the
  plum jobs?

They seek the challenge of such jobs, may wish to
be close to the center of power, make key
political decisions, and meet influential people.
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Section 2 Concepts in Action

• Civic Participation Imagine that you want to
  obtain employment in a civil service position.
  You need to evaluate the negative and positive
  aspects of such employment. Make a list of the
  pros and cons of a career in the civil service.
  Discuss your list with your classmates.

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End of Section 2
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Section 3 Introduction-1
The Bureaucracy at Work

• Key Terms
• client group, liaison officer, injunction, iron
  triangle

Find Out
What are the advantages and disadvantages of
bureaucrats taking a greater role in policy
making?
Why do you think people sometimes get
frustrated with government bureaucracy?
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Section 3 Introduction-2
The Bureaucracy at Work

• Understanding Concepts
• Separation of Powers What role does the
  government bureaucracy play in setting policy?

Section Objective
Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the
federal bureaucracy.
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Section 3-1

• The General Services Administration has always
  furnished office space, products, and services to
  other federal agencies. The new, cutting-edge GSA
  has developed a service mentality, despite its
  stodgy reputation. For instance, it passes on
  great deals, such as four cents a minute for
  long-distance calls, and offers a Web-based
  shopping resource with half a million products.

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Section 3-2
I. Influencing Policy (pages 291293)

• A. Policy consists of all the actions and
  decisions taken or not taken by the government.

B. Federal bureaucrats carry out policy decisions
made by the president and Congress. C. The
bureaucracy often determines what the law means
through the rules and regulations it issues. D.
In 1995 Congress set paperwork reduction goals
for future years.
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Section 3-3
I. Influencing Policy (pages 291293)

• E. Bureaucrats aid in shaping policy by helping
  Congress draft its new laws or by providing ideas
  for legislation.

F. Workers in federal agencies shape policy by
their decisions about the application of rules
and regulations and by hearing disputes.
G. Bureaucrats also supply advice and
information to top decision makers, influencing
whether an agency supports or opposes certain
policies.
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Section 3-4
I. Influencing Policy (pages 291293)
What are the advantages and disadvantages of
having federal bureaucrats influence policy
decisions?
Advantages efficiency and expertise
Disadvantages loss of representation by the
people.
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Section 3-5
II. Why the Bureaucracy Makes Policy (pages
293295)

• A. The growth of the bureaucracy mirrors the
  growth of the nations population and rapid
  changes in technology.

B. The Cold War and international crises since
World War II spurred the growth of the
bureaucracy. C. The New Deal doubled the size of
the federal government. D. Citizen
special-interest groups demanded various services
and programs. E. Once created, government
agencies almost never die.
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Section 3-6
II. Why the Bureaucracy Makes Policy (pages
293295)
Will the federal bureaucracy grow or shrink in
the future? Explain.
Answers will vary. Downsizing government is
popular, but needs for government grow.
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Section 3-7
III. Influencing Bureaucratic Decisions (pag
es 295297)

• A. Congress has an important influence over
  bureaucrats.

B. Congress can influence decision making in
federal agencies. C. Congresss main power over
the bureaucracy is its control of agencies
budgets. D. Citizens may challenge agencies
actions in courts.
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Section 3-8
III. Influencing Bureaucratic Decisions (pag
es 295297)
What are ways Congress influences decisions made
by the federal bureaucracy?
Passing new legislation and controlling agency
budgets Congress also holds agencies accountable
for their activities with the Government
Performance and Results Act.
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Section 3-9
IV. The Influence of Client Groups (pages 297298)

• A. Federal agencies have client groups that try
  to influence decisions.

B. The close cooperation between congressional
committees, client groups, and a federal agency
or department is referred to as an iron triangle.
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Section 3-10
IV. The Influence of Client Groups (pages 297298)
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Section 3-11
IV. The Influence of Client Groups (pages 297298)
Critics often complain that iron triangles in the
federal government shut out the public and serve
only the interests of special groups. Explain.
Committees, agencies, and interest groups may
work together, ignoring the public interest.
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Section 3 Assessment-1
Checking for Understanding

• 1. Main Idea Using a graphic organizer like the
  one below, identify two ways Congress influences
  federal agencies and two ways federal agencies
  contribute to legislation.

Answers might include Congress new legislation,
the budget Federal agencies draft bills,
testify about legislation.
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Section 3 Assessment-2
Checking for Understanding
Match the term with the correct definition.
___ client group ___ liaison officer ___ injunctio
n ___ iron triangle

• A. a cabinet department employee who helps
  promote good relations with Congress
• B. an order that will stop a particular action or
  enforce a rule or regulation
• C. individuals and groups who work with a
  government agency and are most affected by its
  decisions
• D. a relationship formed among government
  agencies, congressional committees, and client
  groups who work together

C A B D
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Section 3 Assessment-3
Checking for Understanding

• 3. Identify Social Security Act, Department of
  Veterans Affairs.

The Social Security Act was passed in 1935 by
Congress and established the Social Security
system which makes it possible for disabled
workers to receive payments from the government.
The Department of Veterans Affairs provides
important services, such as hospital care, to
veterans.
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• Relevant Videos

http//www.youtube.com/watch?v-gzYlSPpks4
President Garfield (10min)
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v3n2ceZH4bZ0 - CIA
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Section 3 Assessment-4
Checking for Understanding

• 4. What are five reasons that the federal
  bureaucracy has assumed an important role in
  making public policy?

The five reasons are national growth and
technology, international crises, economic
problems at home, citizens demands, and the
nature of bureaucracy.
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Section 3 Assessment-5
Critical Thinking

• 5. Making Inferences Do you think that iron
  triangles undermine or serve the public interest?
  Explain your answer.

Students should support their opinions. Students
may note the cooperation of the groups or the
undue influence of interest groups.
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Section 3 Concepts in Action

• Separation of Powers The government bureaucracy,
  in theory, carries out the policy decisions of
  Congress and the president. In practice, however,
  the bureaucracy also helps influence policy.
  Create a political cartoon depicting one of the
  ways in which the federal bureaucracy influences
  policy.

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End of Section 3
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Chapter Assessment 1