Photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis ????????????????????
????? ??????????? ???????????????
?????????????? ?????????????????
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???????????????? ??????? ????????????????????????
?????????? ?????????????????? ???????????
???????????????? ???????????
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???????????????? 1. ????????????????????????? 2.
??? 3. Chroloplast - ????????????????????? 4.
???????????????????
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??? Chloroplast and Chlorophyll
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Chloroplast and Chlorophyll
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lumen
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????????????? 1. Chlrolophyll 2.
Carotenoid ?????? Thylakoid
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Chlorophyll
- fat soluble pigments - ???? ??? ?????
???????????? - ?????? 400-500 nm
(????-???????) 600-700 nm (???-???) -
?????????? chl a, b, c, d
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????????????????????? ?
porphyrin
Phytol chain
pheophytin
Chl b
Chl a
B carotene
lutein
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• Chlorophyll a
• C55H72O5N4Mg
• ???????
• ?????????????????? PS ??? ?????? PS-bacteria
• absorption spectrum 430 ??? 662 nm

• Chlorophyll b
• C55H70O6N4Mg
• ?????????????????
• ??????? ??????????????
• ??? prokaryote ???????
• absorption spectrum 453 ??? 642 nm

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Carotenoids

• - ?????????????????? PS ???
• - fat soluble ????? oxygen
• - ????????? 460 ??? 550 nm
• - ????? ??? ??????
• - ?????????????????? photo-oxidation
• beta - carotene,
• Lutein
• Xanthophylls ???????????? ????????? ???
  ??????????
• Phycobilins (phytocyanin and phycoerythrin)
• ???????????????? ??? cyanobacteria

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????????????? - Chlorophyll c and d -
phytoerythrin - phycocyanin red algae ???
cyanobacteria
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?????????????????????? Chloroplast ?????????????
???????????????? - photosystem I - photosystem
II - Cytochrome b6f - ATP synthase ??????
grana
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????????????????????????????????????????????
Cyt b6f
ATP synthase
Light harvesting complex
PS II complex
PS I complex
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PS I
????????????? PS I - Reaction center
(special pair of chl a) ????????? 700 nm
(P700) - ??????, ??????? - chlorophyll a ??????
200 ??????? - chlorophyll b, carotenoids
antenna complex
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PS I
- ?????? thylakoid membrane ?????????????
stroma ???? e- carrier ??? NADP - ???????
????????????????????? e-
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PS II
????????????? PS II - Reaction center -
special pair of chl a ????????? 680 nm
(P680) - cytochrome b599 - polypeptide 2
???? - Protein - Pigments (antenna complex) -
????? manganese - tyrosine residue
(???????????????)
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PS II
- ?????? thylakoid membrane ????? grana -
????????? oxidize ??????????????????? e-
???????????? PS I
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?????????????????????? ???????????????? PS
- Cytochrome b6f - ATP synthase
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???
???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????????

• - ??????????????????
• (Electromagnetic)
• - ???????????????????????
• 390 - 760 nm
• ??????????????????????????????????
• 400-700 nm

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• ????????????????????????? PHOTON
• ?????????????????????????? Quantum
• ??????????? (light intensity-brightness)
• - ????????????? ???? ???????????????????
• ??????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????
• - ???????????????????????????????????????
• ???????? ???????? (wavelength)

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????????????????????????????????????? 1.
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
????????????????????????? (400-700 nm) 2.
Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)
????????????????????????????? ?????????????
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???????! ???????????????????????????????? ?
?????? ???? ????????? ??????
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????????????????
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1. Fluorescence
2. Heat
3. resonance energy transfer
4. sucessive electron transfer

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Light Harvesting System
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????????????????????????????????????????????
Cyt b6f
ATP synthase
Light harvesting complex
PS II complex
PS I complex
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Photosynthesis 1. Photochemical reaction
(light reaction) 2. Biochemical reaction
(dark reaction)
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?????? Photochemical ??? Biochemical reactions
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Photochemical reaction (light reaction)

• photophosphorylation
• Non-cyclic
• Cyclic

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Z - scheme
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Cyclic photophosphorylation
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Photochemical reaction
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Biochemical reaction (dark reaction) light-inde
pendent reaction 1. Carbon fixation 2.
Reduction 3. regeneration
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Calvin Cycle
C3 plant
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1. Carbon fixation
RUBISCO
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2. reduction
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3. regeneration
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Calvin Cycle
C3 plant
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Photorespiration
????????? C3 - hot (??????? 28 C) and
dry climate - low CO2 50 ppm - rubisco
???? O2 ?????? CO2 - ?????????????????
??????????? ATP ?????? ATP -
???????????????? 25
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Glycerate-2-phosphate
Glycolate
Glycerate-3-phosphate
Glycolate
2C-amino acid
Serine -3C
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C4 photosynthesis

• - ?? 1 ????????? 80 ???? ??? 4C
• malic acid
• CO2 ?????????? mesophyll
• ???????? rubisco

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Kranz anatomy (halo, wreath)
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C 4 reaction
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C4 plant
- No photorespiration - CO2 ????????? 0 - all
C4 are angiosperm 17 families - ????
???????, ??????, ????, Bermuda grass - ?????
C4 gymnosperm, bryophyta ???? algae
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?????????? C4 ?????????????
???????????? ??? ????
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant
- ???????????????????????????? - ???? CO2
????????????? ?????? 4C ????????? vacuole -
?????????????? calvin cycle - ???????????????????
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CAM Plant
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???????????????????????????????
????????????????????? ????????? C4 ??????? -
???? (??? C3) ??????? (??? C4)
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??????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? biochemical
pathway ?????????????????? 3 ??? -
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) -
pyruvate orthophoasphate dikinase (PPDK) -
NADP-malic enzyme (ME) ?????? ?????? ??????????
??????????? 30-35