Title: Chapter 15: Exploration and Missionary Movements
1Chapter 15 Exploration and Missionary Movements
- THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH
21. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- ANTICIPATORY SET
-
- Analyze the illustration of the New World
(Novus Orbis, p. 545). Identify features of the
map and explain why they are so distorted
compared to modern maps.
31. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- BASIC QUESTIONS
- What factors made the Age of Exploration
possible? - What were the positive and negative effects of
the Age of Exploration? -
- KEY IDEAS
- Technical innovations in the maritime arts and a
desire to bypass the trade monopoly of the
Ottoman Empire and Italian merchants launched the
Age of Exploration. The Portuguese searched for
and found an eastern route to markets in the Far
East. - The Spanish sponsored Columbus, who set out to
find a direct western route to China and India.
His discovery of the West Indies set off a frenzy
of exploration, including the first
circumnavigation of the globe by Magellan.
Mercantilism and the Columbian Exchange had
profound effects on the world, both
positivedeveloping the economies and increasing
the food supply of Europeand negativeslavery,
serfdom, massive epidemics, and the destruction
of native cultures.
41. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTION
-
- How did the European economy motivate people
during the Age of Exploration? - After the fall of Constantinople, it became
increasingly difficult and costly to receive
goods from the East through the Ottoman Turks,
and the farther west one lived, the more
expensive were those imported goods. Spanish and
Portuguese interests wanted to find a way to
bypass Turkish and Italian middlemen.
51. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- How did government exploration and merchant trade
beget one another? - Government-sponsored explorations opened up new
trading opportunities, which increased tax
revenues, funded further exploration, and opened
up further merchant trading. -
- What technological innovations aided the Age of
Exploration? - Prince Henry the Navigators school employed
cosmographers and mathematicians to improve the
quality of maps, charts, and navigational
techniques. The compass and astrolabe were
important new navigational instruments. The new
caravel could sail against the wind, through high
seas, and in shallow waters.
61. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
-
- Complete the following table about the causes of
exploration.
71. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
81. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- GUIDED EXERCISE
-
- Work with a partner to list the features that
made the caravel the best ship of its time.
91. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What was important about the voyage of
Bartholomew Diaz? - He sailed down the west coast of Africa and
around the Cape of Good Hope, proving it was
possible to bypass the Ottoman-controlled land
route to the East. -
- What was the importance of Vasco da Gamas
voyage? - He sailed all the way to India, almost
discovering Brazil in the process. -
- What did the Portuguese establish?
- They established the first worldwide trading
empire.
101. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
- Work with a partner to complete the following
table according to the map Voyages of Discovery
(pp. 548549).
111. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
121. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTION
-
- Why was Columbus rejected by Portugal and
sponsored by Spain? - Columbus wanted to reach India by sailing
westward. The Portuguese were committed to
opening an eastern route to India around Africa,
so they were not interested. The Spanish, wanting
to compete against Portugal, were open to
alternate routes.
131. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- Why did Columbus think he could reach China by
sailing westward? - The second-century geographer Ptolemy wrote that
the Eurasian land mass stretched halfway around
the northern hemisphere. Columbus reasoned he
could reach the easternmost part of China by
sailing westward that distance. - How far from Europe did Columbus estimate China
to be? - He calculated 2400 miles, which is a little less
than the distance to the New World.
141. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What did Magellan accomplish?
- His crew circumnavigated the globe. For the first
time, people had an accurate idea of the breadth
of the earth. -
- Who were conquistadors?
- They were Spanish soldiers of fortune who
conquered the Aztec, Inca, and other peoples in
Central and South America.
151. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What other European nations joined the Age of
Exploration? - France, the Netherlands, and England also
explored the New World. -
- What did Columbus think he had found, and what
had he found? - He thought he had reached the archipelagos, which
holds the great island cities of China, but he
actually found the Bahamas.
161. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What was the effect of Columbuss success?
- It set off a frenzy of exploration to the New
World, pitting Spain and Portugal in competition
for colonial territory. -
- What was the Line of Demarcation (Tordesillas
Line)? - Drawn by Pope Alexander VI, it ceded land east of
it to Portugal and west to Spain. Extension
Since no one knew how much land was to the west,
Spain was granted unwittingly much more land
almost the whole of the Americas.
171. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTION
-
- What were some negative effects of the Age of
Exploration? - The gold and silver mined in the New World and
imported to Europe inflated the money supply.
England resorted to piracy to steal gold before
it could reach Spain. Serfdom, which bound
peasants to the land, was introduced in Germany
and Austria and other Eastern European areas that
could not compete with colonial agriculture in
the New World. Mercantilism became dependent on
slave labor. Disease brought by Spanish
conquistadors killed thousands of native people,
and colonizers disrupted and sometimes destroyed
the indigenous peoples ways of life.
181. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What effect did the discovery of the New World
have on the common laborer in Europe? - New foods such as squash, potatoes, and beans
were introduced to Europe, increasing the food
supply. -
- What is mercantilism?
- This economic theory holds that nations should
import raw materials and export finished goods,
thus creating a surplus of capital for
investment. -
- What was the Columbian Exchange?
- It was the widespread exchange of agricultural
goods, animals, plants, diseases, and ideas
between the eastern and western hemispheres,
which began after 1492.
191. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What were some effects of the Columbian Exchange?
- It brought the potato from South America to
Ireland and coffee from the Near East to the
Andes. Horses and cattle were brought to the
Americas, oranges to Florida, and bananas to
Ecuador. Tomatoes, paprika, tobacco, peanuts, and
cocoa were brought to Europe. -
- What effect did the Columbian Exchange have on
the Plains Indians? - They captured and learned to ride horses that had
escaped from the Spanish, becoming nomadic,
horseback bison hunters.
201. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
-
- Work with a partner to complete the following
table according to the map Missionary Voyages
(p. 554).
211. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
221. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
-
- Study Questions 114 (pp. 576577)
- Practical Exercise 1 (p. 577)
- Workbook Questions 121
- Read Missionary Apostolate through
The Philippines and Africa (pp. 556564)
231. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- CLOSURE
-
- Write a paragraph explaining the factors that
contributed to the Age of Exploration.
241. Opening the Atlantic (pp. 544555)
- ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
-
- Work with a partner to discuss how the Age of
Exploration reveals both the greatness of man and
the reality of Original Sin.
252. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- ANTICIPATORY SET
-
- Search the Internet for and view a map drawn by
Matteo Ricci about 1620.
262. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- BASIC QUESTIONS
- How did missionaries overcome formidable
obstacles to evangelize the people of the Far
East? - What were some accomplishments of St. Francis
Xavier and Matteo Ricci? - What is inculturation, and why is it effective?
- KEY IDEAS
- Despite many obstacles to missionary activity,
the discovery of new lands and the reforms of the
Ecumenical Council of Trent resulted in an
outpouring of evangelical spirit. - St. Francis Xavier was perhaps the most
successful missionary since St. Paul, winning
large numbers of converts in India and Japan and
leaving behind a strong administrative system and
well-trained successors. In China Matteo Ricci
provided a textbook example of how to evangelize
a culture that was both hostile to Christianity
and considered itself superior to it. - Inculturationlearning the language and customs
of the people being evangelized and adapting the
expression of the Faith to that culturewas
effective in India, China, Japan, and the
Philippines.
272. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What effect did the Catholic Reformation have on
evangelization? - The Catholic Reformation encouraged dedicated
missionaries to spread the Gospel to newly
encountered people. -
- What is De Propaganda Fide?
- This congregation was founded by the Pope in 1622
to promote and establish apostolic missions.
282. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What was the basic difference between how the
Catholic and Protestant settlers saw the native
peoples? - In North America the Spanish and French Catholic
settlers saw the native people as human beings
who should be protected, who could learn Spanish
or French culture, and who could be converted and
intermarry with Europeans. The English and Dutch
Protestant settlers tended to see the natives as
reprobates who may be killed and their lands
seized. -
- What was the importance of Fr. Bartolome de las
Casas? - He was the first priest in the New World. He
renounced his encomienda and fought to eradicate
Indian and African slavery.
292. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- GUIDED EXERCISE
-
- Read silently the selection from History of the
Indians (p. 575), and then discuss the following
questions - According to Fr. Bartolome de las Casas, what
basic method should a missionary employ in a
pagan land? Do you agree with him?
302. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What big obstacles did the missionaries face?
- Vast distances to travel, extreme climates,
differences in language, hostile natives, and the
poor examples of many European settlers were
obstacles to the work of missionaries. -
- What bad examples did many early European
settlers set in missionary territories? - Many early settlers were opportunistic
adventurerswho were prone to mistreating and
enslaving local peoplesor government officials
who violated the native peoples human rights.
312. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- According to tradition, who brought Christianity
to India? - St. Thomas the Apostle brought Christianity to
India. -
- Is this tradition true?
- The scholarly consensus is that this tradition
seems to be true.
322. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTION
-
- What is known about St. Thomas Christians?
- Though they left no written records, they were
influenced by heretical Nestorians, which had
proliferated in Mesopotamia enjoyed a high
status in Indian society and had an archdeacon
in charge parish councils a liturgy that
included days of fasting and abstinence and
churches similar in style to Hindu temples and
Jewish synagogues.
332. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- When St. Francis Xavier arrived in India, how did
he counter the scandalous activities of the
European settlers there? - He worked for five months to reform their immoral
behaviors. -
- What made St. Francis Xavier so successful?
- Besides his tireless activity, he learned the
languages of the peoples he evangelized and
displayed a simple charity toward all.
342. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What was St. Francis Xaviers legacy?
- He converted tens of thousands of Indians. St.
Francis Xavier always left behind well trained
successors and a strong administrative structure
to continue to serve the newly evangelized
peoples. -
- What did missionary success in Japan entail?
- While the Japanese were open to conversion,
evangelization required the permission of the
Shogun, the strongest tribal warlord. St. Francis
baptized some 2000 Japanese.
352. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- Why did St. Francis Xavier seek entry to China,
even though, if caught, he could be executed? - He heard about the magnificent culture of the
Celestial Empire and wanted to bring the Faith to
it. -
- How did St. Franciss life end?
- He died before he could reach the mainland of
China. Extension St. Francis Xavier is credited
with having converted more people than anyone
since St. Paul.
362. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- Who first evangelized China?
- Matteo Ricci evangelized China.
-
- Why was China uniquely difficult to evangelize?
- The Chinese were satisfied with the excellence of
their traditions, which included ancestor worship
and philosophy based on truth and justice. They
had no inclination to embrace a new civilization
or religion from the West.
372. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- How did Ricci evangelize the Chinese?
- Ricci appreciated and valued the culture that he
had entered. He blended the eastern and western
worlds in an attractive and compatible
waydressing as a Mandarin scholaryet filled his
residence with Western works of art and
scientific instruments. Through his exemplary
virtues and tantalizing glimpses into Western
civilization, Ricci earned respect and attracted
the attention of the emperor, whom he befriended.
-
- How did the missionaries in India practice
inculturation? - They assimilated local customs, learned various
dialects, and integrated themselves into the
communities.
382. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- How did Robert de Nobili apply inculturation to
the high caste of Brahmins? - He mastered Hindi and Sanskrit, studied the
Brahmins, and learned what they held sacred and
worthy of reverence. He fasted and abstained from
foods that they considered unclean. With the
permission of his bishop, he presented himself as
a Christian Brahmin holy man to show Christian
virtues in a way that the Brahmins could
recognize. -
- What was the result of De Nobilis respect for
the Brahmin caste? - He converted some 150,000 souls.
392. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- How did Matteo Ricci make Christianity attractive
to the Chinese people? - Besides his friendship with the emperor, Ricci
gave lectures on science and astronomy,
translated Christian principles into Chinese, and
composed a liturgical rite in the vernacular. -
- How did Chinese Catholicism appear at its apex?
- Ricci converted some 2000 Chinese. Under his
successor, the number grew to 237,000. In 1692
the emperor granted complete toleration to the
Church, and by 1724 the number of Chinese
Catholics rose to 800,000.
402. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
- What caused a decline in Chinese Christianity?
- The Chinese became wary of Western domination and
began persecutions in 1724, which impacted
missionary activity. The suppression of the
Jesuit order in 1773 also diminished the number
of available priests. By the end of the century,
the number of Chinese Catholics was only
about 300,000. -
- In Japan, how did the Shogun view the Faith?
- At the time of St Francis Xavier, the Shogun
permitted missionary activity, which resulted in
some 200,000 fervent converts. A later Shogun
prohibited Christianity.
412. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- Why were there so many Japanese Christians
martyred? - The Shogun was afraid of invasion and the
destruction of Japanese civilization. Many
Japanese Catholics were tortured and crucified as
Christianity was suppressed. -
- When Japan reopened herself, what did French
missionaries discover? - They found some 50,000 secret Japanese
Christians, who had retained the Faith for
almost 300 years. Remarkably, they still pledged
obedience to the Pope, venerated the Blessed
Virgin Mary, and practiced clerical celibacy.
422. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- GUIDED EXERCISE
-
- Work with a partner to contrast the different
experiences of the Church in the Philippines and
on the continent of Africa.
432. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
-
- Study Questions 1521 (p. 577)
- Practical Exercise 2 (p. 577)
- Workbook Questions 2244
- Read The New World through Conclusion (pp.
564574)
442. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- CLOSURE
-
- Write a one-paragraph essay in which you define
inculturation and show how Robert de Nobili
exemplified this among the Brahmins of India.
452. Missionary Apostolate (pp. 556564)
- ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
-
- Work with a partner to make a graph charting the
growth and decline of Catholicism in China from
the late sixteenth until the end of the
eighteenth century.
463. The New World (pp. 564574)
- ANTICIPATORY SET
-
- Discuss the following question
- Based on last nights reading, what did the
Church do to promote the rights of native peoples
in the Americas?
473. The New World (pp. 564574)
- BASIC QUESTIONS
- What did the conquistadors Cortez and Pizarro
accomplish? - How did the conversion of Mexico occur?
- How did the evangelization of North America
begin? - KEY IDEAS
- Cortez and Pizarro, audacious and brutal
adventurers, conquered the Aztec and Inca
Empires, respectively. - The conversion of Mexico was effected
miraculously by the Blessed Virgin Mary (Our Lady
of Guadalupe). - Heroic missionaries and Popes tried to protect
the native peoples and African slaves from
European settlers greed and inhumanity. In North
America French priests were the first martyrs,
and English Catholics established the Colony of
Maryland.
483. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- How did Spain show that it was serious about the
propagation of Christianity? - Kings Charles I and Phillip II supported
missionary clerics financially and passed
legislation to protect the human rights of the
native peoples. -
- What factors helped Cortez subdue Montezuma?
- Evidently, Montezuma considered Cortez a
prophesied Aztec god. Fearing the Aztecs would
turn on him, Cortez arrested the emperor.
493. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- How was Cortez able to conquer the Aztecs?
- In addition to the Spaniards brutality,
audacity, and superior weapons, Cortez was aided
by thousands of subjugated natives who hated the
Aztecs. In addition, an epidemic of small pox
decimated the Aztec people. -
- What was the extent of the Inca Empire?
- It covered territory that includes modern-day
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina.
503. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- Why did Pizarro not try to conquer the Inca
Empire in 1526? - He had only a few men with him and realized he
would have had to have raised an army. He
returned in 1536 with an army only to find the
empire embroiled in civil war. -
- How did Pizarro reveal his horrible brutality?
- Pizarro, fearing a trap from Emperor Atahuallpa,
invited the emperor to his camp. When the emperor
arrived with thousands of unarmed nobles, Pizarro
assassinated a majority of the nobles and
arrested and executed the emperor.
513. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- Who were three unsuccessful Spanish treasure
hunters? - Ponce de Leon, Hernando de Soto, and Francisco de
Coronado were unsuccessful. -
- What was the religion of the natives of the
Americas? - They were largely animists who attributed human
characteristics to material objects, animals, and
plants. Many engaged in human sacrifice. -
- What were some challenges of missionaries in the
New World? - Besides native pagan priests who were bitter
enemies of the missionaries, some of the Spanish
conquerors were terrible Christian examples,
ravaging native villages and enslaving the native
peoples.
523. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- To whom did the Blessed Virgin Mary appear at
Tepeyac Hill? - She appeared to St. Juan Diego.
-
- What task did the Blessed Virgin Mary ask him to
accomplish? - She asked him to ask Bishop Juan de Zumarraga to
build a church in her name. -
- What was the miracle of Guadalupe?
- An image of the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared on
St. Juan Diegos tilma.
533. The New World (pp. 564574)
- GUIDED EXERCISE
-
- Perform a focused reading of the paragraph The
Church did much (p. 568) using the following
question from the Anticipatory Set - What did the Church do to promote the rights of
native peoples in the Americas?
543. The New World (pp. 564574)
- GUIDED EXERCISE
-
- Answer the following questions according to the
sidebar Recent Investigation of the Image (p.
569) - How was the image on the tilma made?
- What is remarkable about the condition of the
tilma? - What happened to the image when it was bombed?
- What is the Samson-Purkinje effect?
- Where is the Samson-Purkinje effect found?
553. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- Why did Spanish missionaries seek to establish
missions far away from European settlers? - They wanted to protect the native peoples from
the bad examples of many settlers and from their
interference. -
- How were Spanish missions in the Americas?
- Each was a highly cultured, self-sustaining
settlement in which the native people had
complete control over their own affairs. -
- What were the effects of these missions?
- Between 1610 and 1767, thirty-two missions were
established in North America with some 700,000
Catholics.
563. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- Why did the Portuguese introduce slavery into
Europe? - It was an effort to solve labor shortages that
had arisen within mercantilist economies.
Extension The ends do not justify the means. -
- Which countries dominated the slave trade in
Europe? - The Dutch and English dominated it.
-
- How was the slave trade for slaves?
- Travel was extremely hazardous. Families were
separated, resulting in great suffering.
573. The New World (pp. 564574)
- GUIDED EXERCISE
-
- Work with a partner to perform a paragraph shrink
on the paragraph In the Spanish missions (p.
571).
583. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What did Pope Eugene IV order the authorities in
the Canary Islands to do? - He ordered they desist from depriving native
peoples of their property and from enslaving
them instead, their former liberty should be
restored. -
- According to Pope Paul III, what was the
motivation for slavery, and how did people try to
justify it? - He charged that slavery was to satisfy their own
avarice. Slave owners claimed that the Indians
were like brute animals lacking the Catholic
Faith.
593. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What did Pope Paul III assert about the enslaved
Indians? - The Indians themselves indeed are true men.
-
- What was the fate of St. John de Brebeuf in
Canada? - After working among the Huron, St. John was
tortured barbarically and killed by the Iroquois.
603. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- What did St. Isaac Jogues suffer from the Mohawks
when he was taken prisoner in 1642? - He was tortured and forced into slavery. His
captors bit off his fingers. -
- What was St. Isaacs fate?
- St. Isaac could have lived out his life safely in
France, but he chose to return to Canada to
negotiate a peace settlement to the Indian wars.
In 1646 he was blamed for a crop blight, and
Mohawk warriors beat him to death.
613. The New World (pp. 564574)
- FOCUS QUESTIONS
-
- Why did English Catholics found the colony of
Maryland? - They fled religious persecution in England.
-
- Why was a bicameral legislature established in
Maryland? - It protected the Catholic minority from the
growing Protestant population, which sought to
restrict the religious liberty of Catholics as in
the other English colonies. -
- What is nonestablishment?
- This principle forbids a government from
establishing an official state religion.
623. The New World (pp. 564574)
- HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
-
- Study Questions 2228 (p. 577)
- Practical Exercises 34 (p. 577)
- Workbook Questions 4573
633. The New World (pp. 564574)
- CLOSURE
-
- Write a paragraph about how Mexicans experienced
the best and the worst that sixteenth-century
Europeans had to offer.
643. The New World (pp. 564574)
- ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
-
- Discuss the following question
- What might have been the most successful way to
have evangelized the New World?
65THE END