Manifest Destiny

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Chapter 9

• Manifest Destiny

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Sec 1 Migrating to the West
Migrating to the West
Americans Look Westward Main Idea By 1821,
American expansionists soon began to covet New
Mexico, Texas, and California. Thinly settled but
rich in resources, the three provinces had great
appeal for American pioneers. The Journey
Westward Main Idea Following John C. Frémonts
vivid and romantic reports from his western
expedition, the overland trails drew thousands of
settlers west to California and Oregon.
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The Plains Indians

• The Spanish and French, and Lewis and Clark all
  explored the Great Plains.
• The vast grassland that lies between the
  Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains.
• There were many different cultural aspects in the
  Great Plains.

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The Importance of Buffalo

• They used the
• Hair for making ropes and pads, and for
  ornamental and
  ceremonial purposes.
• Horns and hoofs for making implements and
  utensils.
• Bones for making soup and articles to be used in
  their various occupations and games.
• Sinews (tendons) for making their sewing thread
  and their stronger cords such as bowstrings.
• Skins for making ropes, tipis, clothing.
• Flesh and intestines for food.
• Americans tried to kill the Buffalo off to get
  rid of Indians.
• Ever heard of Buffalo Bill? He killed 4,000 in
  one season alone!

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What happens to the Plain Indians

• Diseases brought by white traders and settlers
  made them alter their lives, unless it already
  killed them.
• Surrounding raids from other Indian groups
  seriously hurt numbers.
• Most Indians trailed the buffalo and ran from
  their enemies.
• In 1825, the US Govt decides to force Indians to
  relocate west of the Mississippi.

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Indians and Western Migration

• US army built forts along this as people migrated
  west along 95th Meridian (divider of Indian
  Country from Louisiana to Minnesota).
• US Govt established in 1824 the BIA (Bureau of
  Indian Affairs)
• They attempted to extinguish Indian land claims
  through treaties or yearly payments.
• In the 1850s, the US Govt came up with a
  permanent solution to this problem RESERVATIONS.
• Thousands of Indians became trapped on
  Reservations.
• Were 8 in California by 1858.
• Nomadic Indians didnt want to settle down.
• They wanted to follow the buffalo and roam the
  Great Plains.
• Americans wanted to settle down and not have to
  deal with the Indians.
• Result ---- VIOLENCE!

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Reservation Life

• Awful for warriors.
• Had nothing to hunt.
• Instead had to farm and do household chores.
• Now had to depend on US Govt for handouts.
• But many white Indian agents were corrupt and
  sold supplies.
• Food was usually rotten bacon.
• Instead of eat this and accept Govt help many
  Indians chose to starve.

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Section 2 Hispanic North America

• The US Govt thought the LA purchase would stay
  Indian land settlers had a different plan.
• By the 1830s many white settlers pushed west
  into Indian territory.
• Led to creation of three new states Iowa,
  Wisconsin and Minnesota.
• Before these new states came into the Union, many
  Americans were moving west along the coast of the
  Gulf of Mexico.
• Isnt that Spanish land? UH-OH..

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Mexican Independence

• Took 13 years, finally achieved in 1821.
• Started with demands for self-govt and local
  uprisings.
• 1810, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo, triggered
  a rebellion that spread throughout Southern
  Mexico.
• Treaty of Cordoba officially granted Mexico its
  independence from Spain!

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What you need to know!

• Mexico opens up its border to trade with the USA.
• Spain hadnt allowed foreigners or foreign trade
  within border provinces.
• Mexican Govt set two conditions.
• Settlers had to convert to Catholicism and become
  Mexican citizens.
• American traders saw an opportunity for profit in
  the Santa Fe in the province of New Mexico.

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Effects of Mexican Independence

• The new government was hostile towards the Roman
  Catholic Church and its missions
• So they secularized the missions, meaning that
  they were now under control of the state rather
  than the church.
• By the 1830s, very few priests were left in
  Northern Mexico.
• Economic reforms widened gaps b/t poor and rich.
• Encouraged trade with the United States
• Santa Fe Trail
• Connected American traders from MO to Santa Fe.
• William Becknell

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Trade with the United States

• In 1821, William Becknell (a nearly bankrupt
  American) brought goods from Missouri to the New
  Mexico capital of Santa Fewhere he sold them for
  mules and silver coins.
• William Becknell the Father of the Santa Fe
  Trail
• Other Americans followed taking advantage of the
  commercial opening created by Mexican
  independence and economic reforms.
• High quality and low prices of American goods
  nearly replaced New Mexicos trade with the rest
  of Mexico.
• Hello Santa Fe Trail!!!
• US also began to trade with California and Texas.

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Traveling West
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Section 3 Trails to the West

• There were three great trails that lead to the
  West
• 1.) Santa Fe Trail you have seen already.
• 2.) Oregon Trail
• 
  3.) Mormon Trail

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Oregon Country

• In early 1800s GB, US, Russia and Spain all
  claimed this as their land.
• 1818 US and GB signed a treaty for joint
  occupation.
• Ignored the Indians that lived there.
• Mountain Men
• Came to live here.
• In search of beaver pelts, they adapted N.
  American ways and married their women.
• Many churches sent missionaries here.

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Overland Trails (Oregon Trail)

• In 1843, Mtn Men started organize wagon trails to
  Oregon along the Indian routes.
• Groups met in Independence, Missouri.
• From there they began their 2,000 miles trek
  across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains
  along the Oregon Trail.
• Santa Fe Trail also started here in Independence,
  MO.

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Why Move West?

• 1.) Land
• Could be settled and farmed, or bought and sold
  for a profit.
• 2.) Trade
• Attracted merchants with opportunity of wealth.
• 3.) Challenge
• 4.) Independent Life

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The Journey

• Could take 4-6 months.
• Cost typical family b/t 5000-1,000.
• Went through Mountain Passes.
• A low spot in a mtn range that allows travelers
  to cross over to the other side.
• Most were part of a family.
• Few free African Americans, most were white.
• Getting across rivers, through muddy bogs, and up
  steep hills was hard work!
• Boring, but not violent. Spent most time
  trading, not fighting.
• Cholera killed about 4 of the pioneers b/t
  1840-1860.

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Trying to make it all better

• IN 1846, the US and Great Britain agreed to
  divide the Oregon Country along the 49th
  Parallel.
• Because of the threat of war with Mexico, this
  peaceful solution proved to be in the best
  interest of the United States.

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Time for our Manifest Destiny!!!
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Section 4 From Sea to Sea

• In 1846, John OSullivan coined the phrase
  manifest destiny.
• Meaning it was Americas obvious or undeniable
  fate to spread liberty throughout the continent
  in a divine mission.
• Beliefs of Manifest Destiny are provided below
• 1.) The nation needed more land for its rapidly
  growing population.
• 2.) Americans could bring economic growth and
  democracy to places where they had never existed
  before.
• 3.) American territorial expansion was blessed by
  God b/c it was morally right.

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Manifest Destiny

• We are destined to move west to spread our
• Religion
• Technology
• Way of life (culture)
• Government

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Mormons Move to Utah!!! Joseph Smith Brigham
Young
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Mormons Settle Utah

• During the Mexican War, the Mormons were heading
  west 1840s.
• Were one of the largest groups to do so.
• Mormons, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of
  Latter-day Saints, had been looking for a
  permanent home ever since Joseph Smith founded
  their religion.
• Harassed by neighbors due to their belief in
  polygamy, Mormons moved to Ohio, Missouri, and
  then Illinois.
• Smith was killed due to his practicing polygamy.

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Mormons on the Move!

• Their new leader, Brigham Young, decided they
  needed to live beyond borders of U.S (he moved
  them)
• They chose Great Salt Lake b/c it was away from
  other Americans.
• Within three years of when they left in 1874,
  11,000 Mormons settled here.
• These settlements were prosperous due to skillful
  irrigation in desert farming.
• Brigham Young was elected Governor when Utah went
  to US after Mexican War.
• Utah became 45th state in the Union in 1896.

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Chart Westward Migration 1840s
Westward Migration, 1840s
CHART
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Transparency Brigham Young and the Mormons
Brigham Young and the Mormons
TRANSPARENCY
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Sec 2 Texas and the Mexican-American War
Texas and the Mexican-American War
Texas Wins Independence Main Idea Tensions grew
between American settlers and the Mexican
government. Following a rebellion against Mexican
rule, Texans declared their independence and
adopted a republican constitution. Americans
Debate Expansion Main Idea Sam Houston asked
that the United States annex Texas, but many in
Congress were opposed because of the impact this
would have in the slavery debate. The
Mexican-American War Main Idea Texas claimed
the land south and west of the Nueces River as
far as the Rio Grande as its own. Outraged, the
Mexicans refused to recognize the annexation. The
war that followed resulted in an American
victory.
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Texans seek Independence

• Tons of Americans move into Texas!
• Steven Austin got permission from the Mexican
  Govt to found a colony of several hundred
  families in east Texas.
• Father of Texas
• He led the first organized group of
  American settlers into Texas in 1822.
• By 1824, were 2,000 immigrants
  were living in Austins colony.

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Texans seek independenceAmerican Demands Grow

• 1824 Mexican Colonization Law
• Americans promised cheap land, protection of Mex
  Govt, four year tax break if they settled in
  Texas.
• By, twice as many Americans in Texas than
  Mexicans.
• In 1830 Mexican Govt said no more 1830
  Americans!
• Andno importation of slaves
• But Americans still came with their slaves.
• Americans in Texas were divided by wanting
  slavery and those not wanting it.

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General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana

• He declared himself dictator of Mexico.
• He stripped Texas and other territories of their
  remaining rights of self-govt.
• This united Texas under cause of independence.
• Everyone wanted independence.
• Settlers named Sam Houston, recent immigrant from
  Tenn, as their commander and chief.

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Sam Houston

• Sam Houston was a native of
  Virginia, who learned the Cherokee
  way of life, and
  then helped manage
  their relocation to Arkansas.
• Eventually, he used his knowledge
  of law to fight for Cherokee
  rights, and
  served as an advisor to them.
• He was sent to Texas by President Jackson to
  negotiate treaties with the Indians to protect
  American traders crossing into Mexico.
• This put him in position to lead the independence
  movement for Texas.

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Texas winning Independence

• General Santa Anna (dictator of Mexico) went into
  action due to settlers defiance.
• He crossed the Rio Grande with several thousand
  men and they headed for the ALAMO (a walled
  fortress in San Antionio).
• In December 1835 a group of Texas rebels had
  ousted Mexican trooops from the Fortress.
• The Texans at the Alamo (gt200) prepared to meet
  Santa Anna.
• William Travis and James Bowie were their
  leaders, they wanted to slow S.Anna enough to
  assemble an army.

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The Battle of the Alamo

• Lasted 13 days.
• Col Travis asked for help to the people of Texas
  and all the Americans in the World.
• Texans caused 1-1,600 causalities to Mexicans.
• March 6 Santa Anna made his way in.
• He said, take no prisoners
• When the fighting stopped 180 Texas were dead
  including leaders, and Davy Crockett.
• 15 people were spared, mostly women and children.

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• Davy Crocket -gt
• William Travis-gt
• James Bowie -gt

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What else could happen now?!?

• Soon after, 300 Texans surrendered to Mexicans at
  another presidio, and were subsequently murdered
  after being granted POW status.
• These events stirred great emotion in Texans, and
  an emotional victory over the Mexican army (to
  the rallying cry of Remember the Alamo
  occurred, allowing Texas to gain Independence.
  The further expansion of Whites over the
  Southwest enraged the Mexican government,
  increasing the possibility of war.
• On March 2, 1836 The rebels formally declared
  the founding of an independent Republic of Texas.

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The Defeat of Santa Anna

• Santa Anna went after the last remaining force
  led by Sam Houston.
• April 21, 1836 Houstons forces surprise
  attacked and defeated Santa Anna in the
  afternoon.
• Battle of San Jacinto, Texans won!
• They rallied to cries of, Remember the Alamo!
• They caught Santa Anna and made him sign a treaty
  recognizing the Republic of Texas.
• Texans elected Sam Houston first
  President of the Lone Star
  Republic.
• Created a Constitution that said
  slavery was a-okay!

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Events leading to the
Texas War for Independence

• 1821 Moses Austin recieves a 200,000 acre land
  grant from the Spanish govt to colonize Texas,
  in northeastern Mexico. He dies before he
  organizes the colony.
• 1821 Mexico achieves indepence from Spain.
• 1821 Stephen Austin, Moses son, recieves
  permission from Mexico to carry out his fathers
  plan.
• 1825 Mexico opens Texas to American settlement.
  American population in Texas swells.
• 1829 Mexico abolishes slavery.

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Events leading to the
Texas War for Independence

• 1830 Mexico stops American settlement.
  Differences between American settlers and the
  Mexican govt increase.
• 1834 General Santa Anna declares himself
  dictator.
• 1835 Mexico rejects Texas application for
  statehood.
• 1836 Texas declares independence.

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Transparency Texas War for Independence
Texas War for Independence
TRANSPARENCY
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Time line of Hispanic North America

• 1821 Mexico wins independence from Spain
• Stephen Austin receives permission from Mexico to
  bring American Immigrants to Texas for trade
• 1825 Mexico opens Texas to American immigration
• 1829 Mexico abolishes slavery
• 1830 Mexico stops American settlement
• 1834 Army general Santa Anna becomes dictator of
  Mexico
• 1835 Mexico rejects Texas application for
  statehood
• 1836 Texans declare independence
• Outnumbered Texans lose Battle of the Alamo after
  fighting bravely for 13 days
• Sam Houston leads Texans to victory at Battle of
  San Jacinto
• Santa Anna recognizes Texas independence

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The Annexation of Texas

• September 1836 Texas raised a flag with a
  single star the Lone Star Republic.
• 1836 Texas asked Congress to be annexed.
• US refused their request.
• Northern states opposed another slave state b/c
  balance in Congress would go in the souths
  favor.
• Some govt leaders feared that it would mean war
  with Mexico.
• Santa Anna said that annexation would be
  equivalent to a declaration of war against the
  Mexican Republic.
• President John Tyler (10) signed the treaty,
  Congress refused.

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Election of 1844

• Annexing Texas was the HOT ISSUE!!!
• Henry Clay opposed annexing it.
• Didnt want war with Mexico.
• lt- James K. Polk supported
  annexing.
• - He also supported the re- occupation
  of the northern
  territory to
  gain northern support.
  

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Decision Point Should the United States Annex
Texas?
Should the United States Annex Texas?
DECISION POINT
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Election of 1844 what does it all mean?

• Henry K. Polk wins (11th President)
• Him being an expansionist and advocator of
  Manifest, suggested that most Americans wanted
  more territory too Legislature begins to shift.
• Before Polk takes office, Congress approves
  annexation.
• Texas becomes 28th state in the Union.
• One month after Congress does this, Mexico breaks
  off all diplomatic relations.

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War with Mexico

• Even if Mexico accepted the annex the border
  over Texas and Mexico remained a constant battle.
• US claimed Rio Grande was official US/Mex border.
• Mex said it was the Nueces River (few miles
  north).
• Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico City to try and
  buy New Mexico and California for 30 million!
• Mexican govt didnt even receive him, or hear
  his offer.

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Troops are on the move

• Polk sent General Zachary Taylor
  to lead American forces into
  
  disputed territory.
• Attacked by Mexican forces, killed US troops.
• Polk seized his chance!
• Angry at the American blood on American soil,
  Polk asked Congress to declare war.
• MeanwhileJohn C. Fremont leads troops into
  California in preparation to fight.

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The Trouble with Texas

• May 1846 US declares war on Mexico
• South and West support war.
• Northeast opposed it, called it the war of
  conquest
• Henry David Thoreau, went to jail for not paying
  his taxes to support the war.
• His practice of passive resistance later
  influences Gandhi and MLK, Jr.
• Polks war plan was to seize New Mexico and
  California.
• Stephen Kearney led forces into Santa Fe
• Took New Mexico without firing a shot!
• Next off to California!

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The Bear Flag Revolt

• John C. Fremont led a rebellion against Mexican
  authority in California.
• Seized the Mexican leader Mariano Vallejo and
  threw him in jail.
• Made a flag with a grizzly bear and a single star
  and declared California the Bear Flag Republic.
• 1846 Kearneys troops joined the Americans
  rebelling.
• 1847 US controlled California.

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Defeating Mexico

• U.S. Forces invaded Mexico
• Zachary Taylor led forces South from Texas
• - Defeated Santa Annas troops
• Winfield Scott landed at Veracruz and moved
  inland toward Mexico City
• - Killed 1,000 Mexican soldiers and 100 cadets
  at Chapultepec
• - 1847 conquered Mexico City

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Defeating Mexico

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war
• - Mexico accepted Rio Grande as its northern
  border
• - Mexico gave up a vast stretch of land between
  Texas and the Pacific Ocean that included present
  day states of California, Nevada, Utah, and parts
  of Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona
  (Mexican Cession)

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Defeating Mexico cont.

• Gadsden Purchase (1853) U.S. purchased strip of
  land across southern New Mexico and Arizona for
  10 million
• - Completed the present-day southwestern
  boundary of the United States

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Wilmot Proviso

• Most important thing about the Mexican War was
  it brought the question of slavery to the
  forefront of American politics.
• Do we allow more slave states? What about the
  balance of Congress?
• Northerners felt, Southerners felt.
• 1846 a bill came before Congress to provide
  funds for negotiating with Mexico.
• A Pennsylvania Democrat, David Wilmot, added
  this
• Slavery would not be permitted in any of the
  territory acquried from Mexico.
• CONGRESS SAID HECK NO!
• This showed the widening gap b/t the democratic
  slave-owning south, and the republican free
  north.

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Note Taking Reading Skill Understand Effects
Reading Skill Understand Effects
NOTE TAKING
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Sec 3 Effects of Territorial Expansion
Effects of Territorial Expansion
America Achieves Manifest Destiny   Main Idea
The United States finally achieved Manifest
Destiny after its victory in the Mexican-American
War. Yet, the long-term effects of the war served
to highlight growing differences between North
and South and set the stage for future conflict.
The California Gold Rush Main Idea To most
Americans, the new lands in the West seemed too
distant for rapid settlement. But in early 1848,
sawmill workers found flecks of gold in the
American River east of Sacramento, California,
starting a mass migration to the region. Effects
of the Gold Rush Main Idea The rapid settlement
of California had unforeseen consequences on both
the territory and the nation. The most immediate
effects were felt by the people who already lived
there. Among these effects were discrimination
and violence towards Indians and Mexicans.
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The California Gold Rush

• January 1848 James Marshall discovered gold at
  John Sutters Mill
• 1849 California Gold Rush
• - People who rushed to California looking for
  gold were called Forty-niners
• - Most Forty-niners were men looking to get rich
  quick and return home
• - Some women earned money cooking, washing and
  running boarding houses

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The California Gold Rush

• Mining Camps developed along stream and rivers of
  the Sierra Nevada foothills
• - Populations rose and disappeared quickly
  in Boomtowns
• - When mining settled down, everyone moved on
  and the towns became ghost towns.
• People from all over the went to California
  (especially Chinese)
• - Chinese came as indentured servants
• - Faced prejudice and were forced out of the
  mining camps
• - Many found jobs cooking and washing
  clothes

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Effects of the Gold Rush

• 1849 1852 ¼ of a million people migrated to
  California
• San Francisco became a major banking,
  manufacturing, and trading center
• Anglo-American culture replaced Mexican culture
• Indian population dropped
• - Many were hunted down and killed (Progress)
• 1850 California applied for statehood as a free
  state
• - 1850s Issue of slavery begins to tear the
  nation apart

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Transparency Mining for Gold
Mining for Gold
TRANSPARENCY
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Chart Growth of San Francisco
Growth of San Francisco
CHART