Chap.14 Population Structure

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Chap.14 Population Structure

• ??? ??
• Ecology 2000

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Population Structure

• 14.1 ??????????????????(habitat)???
• 14.2 ?????(dispersion)???????????????
• 14.3 ???????,?????????????
• 14.4 ?????????,???????(processes)?

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Population Structure

• 14.5 ???????,????????????
• 14.6 ???(Life tables)?????????????????
• 14.7 ???????????,??????????
• 14.8 ??????,????????????????????

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???????

• ???????
• ?????????????
• ?????????(genetic variation)
• ???????????????
• ??????????????
• ???,??? spatial structure ? genetic structure

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14.1 ??????????????????(habitat)???

• Fig.14-1 ?????(starling)??????????????????????????
  ????????
• ???1918?1949??

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Fig.14-2 . ??starlings????????????????????????????
1966-1989???????????
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14.2 ?????(dispersion)???????????????

• ??????????(dispersion)?????
• ?clumped distribution (????)?evenly spaced
  distribution (??????),?????
• Fig.14.7 clumped, random, spaced dispersion
  patterns

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Fig 14-3 Clematis????????????? ????????? ?????????
?(limestone)????????
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Fig. 14-4 ????????????????????????
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Fig.14-5 ???????????????,????1,000?????????,?????
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Fig.14-6 ?????( ???)????(???)????????????????????
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Fig.14-8 ?????????????????????????????,???????????
?
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Fig. 14-9 ?????(Populus balsamifera)???clone??????
????????? ???????,???????? (c) 40-54??
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Poisson distribution

• ???? x variable ??????????
• P(x) (Mxe-M) / x!
• M ??????????????
• ???????????????2,M2
• ??????10???????
• P(10) 210 e-2/10! 3.8x10-5
• P(1) (2)(.1353)/1! 0.2706
• P(3)0.1804

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14.3 ???????,?????????????

• mark-recapture methods (??-?????)
• assumptions
• 1. ?????, ?????, ???????????
• 2. ??????, ??????, ???
• 3. ??????, ???????, ?????
• 4. ??????, ???????????(??)?
  , ??????????
• 5. ???????????,????
• ???? quasi-continuous ???? continuous
• 6. (Petersen) no births, no immigrations
• no deaths, no
  emigrations

??
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???????

• (?) Petersen estimate (1896) Lincoln index
  (1930)
• ???,??????,?????
• n total size of recapture
• m no of individuals marked
  (x)
• r marked individuals
  released (M)
• N ??? population size
• r n r(n1)
• N -- or N ---- (Bailey, 1950)
• m (m1)
• r (n1)(n-m)
• SE -------
• (m1) (m2)

??
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(?) Weighted mean ??? ?? Lincoln index

• ( Mini) (4852105)
• N ----- ------ 34.2
• ( mi)1 (122)1
• 1 2
  6
• SE N ---- ----- -----
• mi 1 ( mi 1)
  ( mi 1)
• ? Apodemus sylvaticus (?)
• day i 1 2 3 4
• number ni - 6 4 7
• marked mi - 1 2 2
• release ri 8 6 4 -
• ??Marked Mi - 8 13 15
• Mini 48
  52 105

??
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• (?) Jackson's positive method
• (?) The triple catch method
• day 1 marked r1, released.
• day 2 m21 are marked,
• all r2 marked and released.
• day 3 m31 only day 1 mark,
• m32 include all day 2 mark.
• ? females of the grasshopper.
• day 1 2
  3
• ?? 50(n2) 38(n3)
• day 1-marked 11(m21) 5(m31)
• day 2-marked
  9(m32)
• ?? 42(r1) 50(r2)

??
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(?) The triple catch method

• m31(r2 1)
  5 x 51
• M21 ------ m21 M21 ---- 11 36.5
• (m32 1)
  10
• (n2 1) M21
  51 x 36.5
• N2 ------- N2 ----- 155.1
• (m21 1)
  12
• M21
  36.5
• F1 --- F1 --- 0.87
• r1
  42
• (m31 1) n2
  6 x 50
• b2 1 - ------ b2 1 - ---- 0.30
• (n3 1) m21
  39 x 11
• SE(N2) 64.7 SE(F1) 0.32

??
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???????

• (?) Jackson's negative method
• (?) Fisher-Ford method
• (?) Jolly's stochastic method
• -- the most recent mark is noted, all previous
• marks are ignored.

??
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------------------------ Day ? ?
Time of release of markds, j i ni ri
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 ---------- recaptured marks, mij
----- 1 - 54 2 146 143 10
3 169 164 3 34 4 209 202 5 18
33 5 220 214 2 8 13 30 6 209
207 2 4 8 20 43 7 250 243 1
6 5 10 34 56 8 176 175 0 4
0 3 14 19 46 9 172 169 0 2
4 2 11 12 28 51 10 127 126 0 0
1 2 3 5 17 22 34 11 123 120
1 2 3 1 0 4 8 12 16 30
12 120 120 0 1 3 1 1 2 7
4 11 16 26 13 142 - - 1 -
2 3 3 2 10 9 12 18 35
------------------------
y6
z6
m6
??
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----------- Day ? i ri mi yi
zi ----------- 1 54 - 24
- m6248204377 2 143 10
80 14 3 164 37 70 57
y65619125423101 4 202 56 71
71 5 214 53 109 89
z616510340...101023121 6 207
77 101 121 7 243 112 108 110 8
175 86 99 132 9 169 110 70 121
10 126 84 58 107 11 120 77 44
88 12 120 72 35 60 13 -
95 - - -----------
??
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ziri
121x207 Mi mi --- m6 77 ----
324.99 yi
101
110 x 243
m7112 ----- 359.50
108 Mi(ni
1) 324.99 x 210 Ni------
N6 ------ 874.97 (mi 1)
78
359.50 x 251 N7
------ 798.54
113 Mi 1
359.5 Fi ------ F6
------- 0.79 Mi - mi ri
325 - 77 207 Bi Ni1 - FiNi
B6 798.5 - 0.79 x 875.0 107.3 SE(N6)
94 SE(F6) 0.068 SE(B6) 75
??
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?????

• 1. capture
• -- insects, Southwood (1966)
• -- freshwater, Lagler (1971)
• -- amphibians and reptiles, Woodbury
  (1956)
• -- mammals, Twigg (1975)
• -- birds and mammals, Taber and Cowan
  (1969)
• ?? (1) equal chance of being caught
• (2) sufficient data

??
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?????

• 2. Handling
• -- Insects, chloroform, ether, NO2, N2,
  CO2
• -- fish, MS-222
• -- mammals, bag
• -- birds, darkness
• ???????

??
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?????

• 3. Marking (??)
• -- insects, Southwood (1966)
• -- fish, Stott (1977)
• -- amphibians and reptiles, Woodbury
  (1956)
• -- mammals, Twigg (1975)
• -- mammals and birds, Taber and Cowan
  (1969)

??
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• 4. Marking (??)
• (1) paints insects--dots color
• fish-- injecting color dyes
• (2) dusts insects
• (3) mutilation (??)
• (4) tags and bands
• (5) radioactive labels
• 5. Release
• -- capture, mark and release,
• during the same period at the same
  site.

??
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????

• Begon, M. (1979) Investigating animal abundance
  capture-recapture for ecologists. Edward Arnold
  Limited, London.
• Bishop, J. A. and D. J. Hartley (1976) The size
  and age structure of rural populations of Rattus
  norvegicus containing individuals resistant to
  the anti-coagulant poison warfarin. J. Anim.
  Ecol. 45623-646.
• Lagler, K. F. (1971) Capture, sampling and
  examination of fishes. In Methods for Assessment
  of Fish Production in Fresh Waters. Ricker, W. E.
  (ed.), Blackwell, Oxford.
• Southwood, T. R. E. (1966) Ecological methods.
  Methuen, London.

??
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• Stott, B. (1971) Marking and tagging. In Methods
  of Assessment of Fish Production in Fresh Waters.
  Ricker, W. E. (ed.), Blackwell, Oxford.
• Taber, R. D. and Cowan, I. M. (1969) Capturing
  and marking wild animals. In Wildlife Management
  Techniques. Giles, R. H., Jr. (ed.), The Wildlife
  Society, Washington.
• Twigg, G. I. (1975a) Catching mammals. Mammal
  Rev. 583-100.
• Twigg, G. I. (1975b) Marking mammals. Mammal Rev.
  5101-116.
• Woodbury, A. A. (1956) Uses of marking animals
  inecological studies marking amphibians and
  reptiles. Ecology 37670-674.

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Fig.14-10 chinch ???????????? ?1840??1939?
???????
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Source and sink population
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???
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Fig.14-12 ???????????? ????
Law of constant final yield
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14.4 ?????????,???????(processes)?

• Dispersal
• emigration (move out of a population)
• immigration (move into a population)
• natal dispersal the movement of young animals
  from their place of birth

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Fig. 14-13 random movement? ?????,??????????(a) ??
??,??????(b)
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S dispersal distance dispersal distance ??,?????
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Fig. 14-14 ?????(????????????)? ???????????????? G
ene flow (????)
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14.5 ???????,????????????

• Phenotype (???)
• genotype (???)ng
• homozygous or heterozygous
• electrophoresis (??)
• recombinant DNA ??
• restriction enzymes
• DNA fingerprint

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???size????????

• Genetic drift (????)
• founder events (?????)
• founder effects(?????)
• population bottleneck (????)
• bottleneck effects (????)

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Fig. The bottleneck effect. (????)
??
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Effective and Minimum Viable population size

• Effective population size (??????)
• Nmales (NmKm - 1 ) / ( (Km Vm/Km) - 1 )
• Nfemales (NfKf - 1 ) / ( (Kf Vf/Kf ) - 1 )
• Nm?Nf?????breeding?males ?females???
• Km?Kf??? males ? females??????????Vm?Vf
  ????????variance

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Effective population size

• ?????,?????variance?????(males?females)?????
• ??Nm 10,Km 2
• ?Vm 1?, Nmales 7.6
• ?Vm 2?, Nmales 4.7
• Ne 4 ( 1/Nmales 1/Nfemales ) -1

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(a) Nm Nf 500 Km Kf 1, Vm Vf 1 (b)
Nm Nf 500 Km Kf 1,Vm Vf 3 (c) Nm
Nf 500 Km 3, Kf 1, Vm Vf 1 (d) Nm
100, Nf 500 Km Kf 1, Vm Vf 1 (e) Nm
50, Nf 50 Km Kf 1, Vm Vf 1
Fig. 14.16 effective population size.
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14.6 ???(Life tables)?????????????????
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Fig. 14.17 ?? idealized survivorship curves
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Fig. 14-18 (a) survivorship curves for all males
and females in USA in 1989 (b) for infants
during the first onth of life in the USA in 1989
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14.7 ???????????,??????????
Fig.14-19 Alaska ??
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14.8 ??????,????????????????????
????
????
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?????

• ?????!