Andrew Jackson

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Andrew Jackson 1767 - 1845
Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
http//people.pppst.com/andrew-jackson.html
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Essential Question
Jackson is often referred to as the first
modern president. Explain why this is the case.
OR
Champion of the Common Man?
KingAndrew?
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What were the democratic trends in the 19c?
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Voting Requirements in the Early 19c
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Voter Turnout 1820 - 1860
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Why Increased Democratization?

• White male suffrage (?) increased
• Party nominating committees (Replaced caucus)
  Put forth better qualified candidates
• Voters chose their states slate of Presidential
  electors People felt they actually made a
  difference
• Spoils system More incentive to help and be
  involved
• Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats,
  etc.)
• Two-party system returned in the 1832 election
• Dem-Reps ? Natl. Reps.(1828) ? Whigs
  (1832) ? Republicans (1854)
• Democrats (1828)

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Democrats

• After the War of 1812, the party's chief rival,
  the Federalist Party disbanded.
  Democratic-Republicans split over the choice of a
  successor to President James Monroe, and the
  party faction that supported many of the old
  Jeffersonian principles, led by Andrew Jackson
  and Martin Van Buren, became the Democratic Party

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Democrats

• Dominated American politics during the Second
  Party System, from 1832 to the mid-1850s, with
  such leaders as presidents Andrew Jackson, Martin
  Van Buren, James K. Polk, and Senator Stephen
  Douglas, who usually bested the opposition Whig
  Party by narrow margins, as both parties worked
  hard to build grass-roots organizations and
  maximize the turnout of voters.

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The Donkey

• When Andrew Jackson ran for president in 1828,
  his opponents tried to label him a "jackass" for
  his populist views and his slogan, "Let the
  people rule." Jackson, however, picked up on
  their name calling and turned it to his own
  advantage by using the donkey on his campaign
  posters. During his presidency, the donkey was
  used to represent Jackson's stubbornness when he
  vetoed re-chartering the National Bank.
• http//www.bearkatdemocrats.com/partyhistory.htm
• Thomas Nast will make it more widely know when he
  used the donkey in a political cartoon (although
  it is doubtful he had previous knowledge of the
  use of the donkey as a symbol of the Democratic
  Party

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Jackson's Early Life
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Jacksons First Hermitage Residence
From backwoods of Carolinas Was known to fight
and kill men in duels Less wealthy and educated
than previous presidents Opened White House for
his inauguration party- chairs thrown out of
window
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First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815
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General Jackson

• Gained attention in Battle of New Orleans during
  the War of 1812
• Only President to serve in both American
  Revolution and War of 1812

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During the Seminole Wars

• The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida
  Wars, were three conflicts in Florida between the
  Seminole the collective name given to the
  amalgamation of various groups of native
  Americans and Black people who settled in Florida
  in the early 18th century and the United States
  Army.
• The First Seminole War was from 1814 to 1819
  (although sources differ), the Second Seminole
  War from 1835 to 1842, and the Third Seminole War
  from 1855 to 1858.
• The first conflict arose out of tensions relating
  to General Jackson's attack and destruction of
  Fort Gadsden (AKA Negro Fort) in Florida in
  1816. Jackson also attacked the Spanish at
  Pensacola. Ultimately, the Spanish Crown ceded
  the colony to United States rule

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Jackson's First Presidential Run
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The Common MansPresidential Candidate
Nickname of Old Hickory because of his toughness
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Jacksons Opponents in 1824
Henry ClayKY
John Quincy AdamsMA
John C. CalhounSC
William H. CrawfordGA
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The Corrupt Bargain

• Election of 1824 ended the Era of Good Feelings
• There was no clear winner in the electoral
  college, so the election went to the House of
  Representatives
• Henry Clay threw his support towards J.Q. Adams-
  not uncommon, but when Adams made Clay his Sec.
  of State Jackson and his supporters were up in
  arms- this became known as the Corrupt Bargain

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http//bill.ballpaul.net/iaph/main.php?g2_itemId4
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Results of the 1824 Election
A Corrupt Bargain?
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What were the key issues in 1828?
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Election of 1828

• Possibly the dirtiest election
• Considered first National Election
• Moral Issues Adams was said to have arranged
  prostitutes for a Russian Ambassadors / Jackson
  married his wife before she was divorced
• Jackson Common Man vs. Adams Educated Elite

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1828 Election Results
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Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree
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Jackson in Mourning for His Wife
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SPOILS SYSTEM

• Introduced the Spoils System
• To the victory belong the spoils
• Gave friends and supporters jobs in exchange for
  their help
• Ensured loyalty to President
• Increased party support More democratic
  participation

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The Peggy Eaton Affair

• Petticoat Affair
• Eventually led to Jackson asking for and
  receiving his Cabinets resignation
• Prior to the mass resignations, he would consult
  other friends in what became known as Jacksons
  Kitchen Cabinet
• Led to the promotion of Martin Van Buren

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The Center of Population in theCountry Moves WEST
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The New Jackson Coalition

• The Planter Elite in the South
• People on the Frontier
• State Politicians Spoils system
• Immigrants in the cities.

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Jacksons Faith in the Common Man

• Intense distrust of Easternestablishment,
  monopolies, special privilege.
• His heart soul was with theplain folk.
• Belief that the common man was capable of
  uncommon achievements.

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The Reign of King Mob
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Andrew Jackson as President
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Jackson's Native-American Policy
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Indian Policy

• For many years, Jackson had protested the
  practice of treating with Indian tribes as if
  they were foreign nations. Jackson did not hate
  Indians as a race. He was friendly with many
  individual Indians and had taken home an Indian
  orphan from the Creek campaign to raise in his
  household as a companion to his adopted son. But
  Jackson did believe that Indian civilization was
  lower than that of whites, and that for their own
  survival, tribes who were pressed by white
  settlement must assimilate as individuals or
  remove to the west out of harm's way.

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Indian Removal

• Jacksons Goal?
• 1830 ? Indian Removal Act Controversial /
  Supported in South / Wanted Cherokee land in GA
• Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) domestic
  dependent nation
• Worcester v. GA (1832) The Supreme Court upheld
  the tribes' independence from state authority.
• Legal victories pointed out no practical course
  of resistance for the tribe to take. Tacitly
  encouraged by Jackson, Georgia ignored the
  rulings.
• Jackson John Marshall (Chief Justice) has made
  his decision, now let him enforce it!

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The Cherokee Nation After 1820
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Indian Removal
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Trail of Tears (1838-1839)
Name given to forced removal of Indians from land
East of Mississippi to Oklahoma
Territory Between 15,000 - 17,000 Indians
removed 4,000 killed (Close to 25 )
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Jacksons Professed Love forNative Americans
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The Nullification Issue
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The Webster-Hayne Debate
Sen. Robert HayneSC
Sen. Daniel WebsterMA
The WebsterHayne debate was a famous debate in
the U.S. between Senator Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of
South Carolina that took place on January 19-27,
1830 regarding protectionist tariffs.
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1830
Webster Liberty and Union, now and
forever, one and inseparable.
Jackson Our Federal Unionit must be
preserved.
Calhoun The Union, next to our liberty,
most dear.
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The Tariff Issue
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Nullification Crisis

• Jackson supports Tariff (Tax) in 1828 Tariff of
  Abomination and 1832 that angered Southerners
• South Carolina passed a law nullifying
  (ignoring tariff) and said law was invalid in
  South Carolina
• Jackson issued a presidential proclamation to
  S.C. and Congress passed tariff
• Caused rift between Jackson and V.P John C.
  Calhoun and would foreshadow what was to come-
  Calhoun will be first VP to resign
• In late February both a Force Bill, authorizing
  the President to use military forces against
  South Carolina, and a new negotiated tariff
  satisfactory to South Carolina were passed by
  Congress. The South Carolina convention
  reconvened and repealed its Nullification
  Ordinance on March 11, 1833.

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Renewing the Charter of the 1st National Bank
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Jacksons Use of Federal Power
VETO More than all Presidents before him combined
1830 ? Maysville Road project in KY
state of his political rival, Henry
Clay- He stated using federal funds
for a project entirely in KY project
(Lexington to Ohio River) was
unconstitutional
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The National Bank Debate
BANK WAR
PresidentJackson
NicholasBiddle
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Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.
Soft(paper)
Hard(specie)

• State bankers feltit restrained theirbanks from
  issuingbank notes freely.
• Supported rapid economic growth speculation.

• Felt that coin was the only safecurrency.
• Didnt like any bankthat issued banknotes.
• Suspicious of expansion speculation.

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The Monster Is Destroyed!

• Pet banks?
• 1832 ? Jackson vetoed the extension of
  the 2nd National Bank of the
  United States.
• 1836 ? The charter expired.
• 1841 ? The bank went bankrupt!

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The Downfall of Mother Bank
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An 1832 Cartoon KingAndrew? Clays
supporters called him this because of his vetoes
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1832 Election Results
Main Issue?
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WHIGS

• Considered integral to the Second Party System
  and operating from 1833 to the mid-1850s,the
  party was formed in opposition to the policies of
  President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic
  Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the
  supremacy of Congress over the presidency and
  favored a program of modernization and economic
  protectionism. This name was chosen to echo the
  American Whigs of 1776, who fought for
  independence and because "Whig" was then a widely
  recognized label of choice for people who
  identified as opposing tyranny. The Whig Party
  counted among its members such national political
  luminaries as Daniel Webster, William Henry
  Harrison, and their preeminent leader, Henry Clay
  of Kentucky. In addition to Harrison, the Whig
  Party also nominated war heroes generals Zachary
  Taylor and Winfield Scott. Abraham Lincoln was
  the chief Whig leader in frontier Illinois.

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The Specie Circular (1836)

• Wildcat banks Wildcat banking refers to the
  unusual practices of banks chartered under state
  law during the periods of non-federally regulated
  state banking between 1816 and 1863 in the United
  States, also known as the Free Banking Era.
• Buy future federalland only with gold orsilver.
• Jacksons goal?

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Results of the Specie Circular

• Banknotes loose their value.
• Land sales plummeted.
• Credit not available.
• Businesses began to fail.
• Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!
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The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren(Former Vice Pres. Sec. of
State) Old KinderhookO. K.
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The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!
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Albany Regency

• Albany Regency, name given, after 1820, to the
  leaders of the first political machine, which was
  developed in New York state by Martin Van Buren.
  The name derived from the charge that Van Buren's
  principal supporters, residing in Albany, managed
  the machine for him while he served in the U.S.
  Senate. During the Jacksonian period the Regency
  controlled the Democratic party in New York.
• It was one of the first effective political
  machines, using the spoils system and rigid party
  discipline to maintain its control

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Andrew Jackson in Retirement
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Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844(one year before
his death)
1767 - 1845