AKS 40: Japan and China

1
AKS 40Japan and China

• Chapter 19.2 and 19.3 Pages 536-547

2
Qing DynastyWhat did China look like?

• Qing Dynasty founded by Manchus (from
  Manchuria) many Chinese resisted
• Rebellions flared up periodically for decades
• Manchus slowly earned respect
• Upheld Chinas traditional Confucian beliefs
• Made frontiers safe restored prosperity

3
Qing DynastyKangxi (1661-1722)

• Reduced govt expenses, lowered taxes
• Gained support of intellectuals by offering them
  govt positions
• Jesuits told him of European achievements in
  science, medicine, and math

4
Qing DynastyIsolation Continues

• Those that wished to trade w/ China had to follow
  certain rules
• Trade at special ports
• Pay a Tribute
• Kowtow ritual (kneeling before emperor
  touching head to ground 9 times)

There is nothing we lack, as your principal
envoy and others have themselves observed. We
have never set much store on strange or ingenious
objects, nor do we need any more of your
countrys manufactures. - Qian-Long, from a
letter to King George III of Great Britain
5
Qing DynastyCultural Developments

• Based mainly on traditional forms
• Valued technique over creativity
• Pottery high-quality ceramics (porcelain)
• Drama popular b/c literacy rates were low
• Focused on Chinese history cultural heroes

6
Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582)
Rule the empire by force. - Oda
Nobunaga

• Wanted to eliminate remaining enemies
• 1575 Nobunagas 3,000 soldiers armed w/ muskets
  crushed enemy force of samurai cavalry
• 1st time firearms had been used effectively in
  battle in Japan
• Committed seppuku (ritual suicide of samurai)

7
Tokugawa Shogunate (military govt)Tokugawa
Ieyasu (1603-1616)

• Defeated his rivals at Battle of Sekigahara
• Victory earned him loyalty of daimyo throughout
  Japan
• 1603 Became sole ruler (shogun)
• Moved capital to Edo (later Tokyo)
• Enacted policies that resulted in the rule of law
  overcoming the rule of the sword

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Tokugawa JapanPolicy of Isolation

• 1639 Shoguns realized that they could safely
  exclude both missionaries and merchants
• Sealed Japans borders, except Nagasaki
• Commercial contacts w/ Euro. ended
• 200 years Japan remained closed citizens
  could not leave
• Continued to develop self-sufficiently

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Tokugawa JapanCultural Developments

• Traditional culture thrived
• New types of fiction began to emerge realistic
  stories about self-made merchants or hardships of
  life
• Haiku type of poetry that presented images
  rather than ideals
• Kabuki theater skits about modern life

10
Causes of Population Increase

• Agriculture Improved -irrigation fertilizer use
  ?
• Farmers produced more food
• Nutrition improved ? new crops corn and sweet
  potatoes (Europe)
• People lived longer, families expanded

Columbian Exchange
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Impact on Social StructureQing China

• Sons Favored
• Only sons allowed to perform religious rituals
• Raised his own family under parents roof - help
  aging parents on farm
• Females not valued many infants girls killed
• Role of Women
• Worked in fields, supervised childrens
  education, managed family finances
• Some found jobs working as midwives or textile
  workers

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Impact on Social StructureTokugawa Japan

• Societal Structure
• Emperor -top rank (figurehead only)
• Actual ruler was shogun military commander
• Daimyo landholding samurai
• Samurai warriors
• Peasants (4/5 of population) Artisans
• Merchants
• Role of Women
• W/ rise of commercial centers, found jobs in
  entertainment, textile manufacturing,
  publishing
• Most led sheltered lives as peasant wives

Confucian values important
Farmers made ideal citizens