RFP gene =

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RFP gene Red Fluorescent Protein
GFP gene Green Fluorescent Protein
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Lets Back Up

• Lets talk about the architecture of organic
  molecules
• Isomer the same molecular formula but different
  structures SO different properties.

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Isomers
1. Structural isomers differ in the covalent
arrangement of their atoms.
Formula C4H10
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Isomers
2. Geometric Isomers differ in their spatial
arrangement but have the SAME covalent bonds.
Double bond makes them more inflexible-cannot
rotate freely like in single bond! (variation in
arrangement around a double bond)
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Isomers

• Enantiomers variation in spatial arrangement
  around asymmetric carbon. Result molecules
  that are mirror images of each other (Left and
  Right Handed). Usually one is active and the
  other inactive in the body. (arrangement of the
  four spots around asymmetric carbon)
• Important for pharmaceutical companies?

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Enantiomer
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Isomers

• Enantiomers Important for pharmaceutical
  companies? Why?
• Example
• 1960- Thalidomide-ease
• pregnancy discomfort
• Drug mixture of 2 enantiomers
• 1 enantiomers-sedative
• Other- side effects birth defects

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Lipids!!
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LIPIDS

• diverse group of organic compounds grouped
  together because HYDROPHOBIC
• insoluble in water
• will dissolve in nonpolar solvents
• not a true polymer still a
• macromolecule (C and H)
• include
• Fats
• Phospholipids
• Steroids

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Lipids
Organic Compounds Lipids Fats

• Fats (Triglycerides)
• Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids
• Saturated No Double Bonds (solid)
• Unsaturated Double Bonds (liquid)

OH
Ester Bonds
OH
OH
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1. FATS

• Composed of
• glycerol (3-carbon alcohol each with a Hydroxyl
  group)
• fatty acid (contains carboxyl group long
  hydrocarbon chain or tail)
• the nonpolar C-H bonds make the chain hydrophobic
  and insoluble in water

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• Fatty acids may vary in of carbon atoms
  (usually even )
• Each of glycerols 3 hydroxyl groups can bond to
  a fatty acid by an ester linkage producing a fat.
  (resulting in triacylglycerol, or a triglyceride)

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Lipids
Organic Compounds Lipids Phospholipids

• Phospholipids
• Glycerol with Phosphate Head 2 Fatty Acid
  Chains
• Amphiphilic (Both lover)
• Hydrophilic head
• Hydrophobic tail
• Forms 2 layers in water
• Makes up cell membranes

Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
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• clusters in water in patterns (e.g. micelle,
  bilayer)

• shows ambivalent behavior towards water (tails
  are hydrophobic and heads are hydrophilic)

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Organic Compounds Lipids Steroids
Lipids

• Steroids
• Lipids whose Carbon Skeleton consists of 4 fused
  rings
• Includes
• Hormones
• Cholesterol
• Makes up cell membranes

OH
O
OH
O
OH
HO
O
HO
O
Testosterone
Estrogen
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Biotechnology

• To extract DNA and other organelles from a cell,
  the phospholipid bilayer must be dissolved. This
  is achieved by the use of detergents which
  disrupts the hydrocarbon tails.

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Carbohydrates CHO (121)
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I. Monosaccharides single/simple sugars

• major nutrients for cells
• glucose is most common (C6H12O6)
• store energy in their chemical bonds which is
  harvested by cellular respiration
• examples glucose, ribose, galactose

OSE
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Classification of Monosaccharides

• Catorized depending on
• Location of carbonyl group either Aldose
  (Aldehyde sugar) or Ketose (Ketone sugar)
• Size of carbon skeleton 3-7 carbons long (most
  form rings in solution)
• Isomers spatial arrangement around
  asymmetrical carbon
• Shape function /interaction in body!

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Classification of Monosaccharides
Structural Isomer of glucoseKetose
Aldose
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II. Polysaccharides hundreds or thousands of
monosaccharides

• formed by linking monomers dehydration synthesis
  (condensation) reactions
• Monomers held together by covalent bonds called
  glycosidic linkages

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Condensation or Hydrolysis?
Glycosidic Linkage
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Condensation or Hydrolysis?
Disaccharide
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(No Transcript)
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A. Examples of energy storage polysaccharides

• Starch glucose polymers in plants
  (amylose/amylopectin)
• Glycogen glucose polymer in animals

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LE 5-6
Glycogen granules
Starch
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
0.5 µm
1 µm
Amylose
Glycogen
Amylopectin
Starch a plant polysaccharide
Glycogen an animal polysaccharide
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IN PLANTS
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Digestion Hydrolysis
Difference in most carbohydrates is how the
glucose monomers are connected!
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Gycogen in liver cells stained red
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B. Examples of structural support
polysaccharides

• cellulose major structural component of plant
  cell walls that cannot be digested by most
  organisms because of missing digestive enzyme
• chitin forms exoskeletons of arthropods

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B. Examples of structural support
polysaccharides

• chitin

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Know the difference between the 5-carbon
sugars!!!
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Biotechnology

• Use glucose as food source for
• cell cultures.

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Biotechnology

• Carbs also affect DNA purifications
• in plant cells because they are too sticky