CPU

1
????? 3

• CPU

2
CPU ??????????????????????????

• ???????? (Operation)
• 1. ??? ?? ??? ??? AND, OR
• 2. ??????????????? RAM lt-gt Registers
• 3. ?????????????????? (IF,ELSE,JUMP,LOOP)
• ??????????????? ???????????? ( ??? utilization)
  ????????
• ????? CPU ?? registers, ALU, Control Unit,
  Decoder, BUS, Cache
• ???????????????? Clock (????????????????????)

3
??????????? CPU
???????????????????? CPU
CPU ?????????????? RAM ???????? ??????????????????
????????????????? RAM ???????
4
??????????

• Microprocessor ?????? 4004 (???????????????????)
  4 ???
• PC ????????????? IBM PC 8080 (?????????????????)
• ??? PC ????????????????? IBM PC 8088
• ??????????? 80286 16 ???
• 80386 32 ???
• 80586 (Pentium) 32 ???

4004
8080
Pentium
5
specification
Name Date Transistors Microns Clock speed Data width MIPS
8080 1974 6,000 6 2 MHz 8 bits 0.64
8088 1979 29,000 3 5 MHz 16 bits8-bit bus 0.33
80286 1982 134,000 1.5 6 MHz 16 bits 1
80386 1985 275,000 1.5 16 MHz 32 bits 5
80486 1989 1,200,000 1 25 MHz 32 bits 20
Pentium 1993 3,100,000 0.8 60 MHz 32 bits64-bit bus 100
Pentium II 1997 7,500,000 0.35 233 MHz 32 bits64-bit bus 300
Pentium III 1999 9,500,000 0.25 450 MHz 32 bits64-bit bus 510
Pentium 4 2000 42,000,000 0.18 1.5 GHz 32 bits64-bit bus 1,700
6
????????

• Transistor ????????????????????????????? CPU
• Micron ??????????????????????????? CPU
  (???????????? 100 ??????)
• Clock Speed ????????????????? CPU ??????????
• Data Width ??????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????
• MIPS ???????????????????????????
  (???????????????? 1 ??????)

7
????????????????? CPU
8
????????

• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) ????????????????????
  ????? ,-,,/,AND,OR
• Instruction Decode ??????????????????
  (Instruction) ??????????? CPU ??????????
  (?????????????)
• Register A,B,C ?????????????????????
• Instruction Register ????????????????????????
  Decoder
• Program Counter ??????????????????????????????(??R
  AM)
• BUS ????????????????????, latch ?????????????
• Tri-state ?????? 3 ????? -gt0,1,high impedance

9
BUS

• Address Bus ???????????????????????????
  ??????????????? / ?????????????? RAM ??????
  8,16,32 ???(???????????CPU)
• Data Bus ?????????????????????????? (????/?????)
  ??????? RAM ??? CPU (registers)
• RD,WR ???????????????? RAM ???????????????????????
  ???? RAM
• Clock ???????????????????????????????? CPU
• Reset ?????????? set ????? Program Counter ???????

10
???????????????

• ????????? register ????? (A-gtC) ???????? (latch)
  ?????? Data Bus
• ??????????? latch ?????? Address Bus
• ????????? RW,RD ????? RAM (???????????????)
• ?????????????? ????????????????? Instruction
  Register ?????????????? Decoder ??? ALU
  ??????????????
• ??????????????????????????????

11
??????????? Decoder

• ????????????? CPU ???????? Instruction ????
  opcode ?????
• Opcode ???????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????? CPU (???? ALU, BUS, Registers)
• ?????????????????? Clock Cycle ??????????
• ???????????????? Assembly ?????????? Opcode ???

LOADA mem - Load register A from memory address
LOADB mem - Load register B from memory address
CONB con - Load a constant value into register B
SAVEB mem - Save register B to memory address
SAVEC mem - Save register C to memory address
ADD - Add A and B and store the result in C SUB
- Subtract A and B and store the result in C
????????
12
??????????? CPU

• Pipelining -gt ??????????? ?????????????????
• ??????????????? Floating Point
• MMX -gt ?????????????, ???????????? 64 ??? 8 ???,
  ????? L1 cache ???? 32 KB (???? 16 KB)
• CPU ??? 64 ??? (??? RAM ????????????????)
• (32 ??? ??? RAM ????????? 4GB)
• Quantum CPU ????????,?????????????????? RAM,CPU
• BIO CPU (DNA)

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??????????? Pipeline
????????????????? ??????? ????????????????????
clock ???????????
14
??????????????? Floating Point
CPU FPU
8086 8087
80286 80287
80386 80387
80486DX Built in
80486SX None
Pentium and thereafter Built in

• ???????????????????????????????????????? CPU
• ????????????? Math Co-processer
• ???????????????? Chip ????? ???? 80287, 80387
• ???????? built-in ?? CPU ???
• MMX ????????????????????

15
?????????????? CPU
16
Cache

• ???? RAM ??????????? ????????
• ???????????????????????????????? ???? CPU ???
  RAM, H/D ??? RAM,etc.
• ?? CPU ???? Cache ????????? ???????? L1 cache
• ?????????????????????????? cache ??????? RAM ???
  CPU ??? ???????? L2 cache (???????????????? L1)
• ?? Controller ???????????????????? cache
  (H/D,RAM)

17
??????????? cache

• ???????????????????? ????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????? ???????????? (L1
  cache)
• ?????????????????????????????? ???????????
  (L2 cache)
• ??????????? ????????????????????????????
  (RAM)
• ??????????? Internet ???? cache
  (?????????????????????? ??? Proxy Server)

18
???????????????????? cache
CPU Cache size in the CPU
80486DX and DX2 8 KB L1
80486DX4 16 KB L1
Pentium 16 KB L1
Pentium Pro 16 KB L1 256 KB L2 (some 512 KB L2)
Pentium MMX 32 KB L1
AMD K6 and K6-2 64 KB L1
Pentium II and III 32 KB L1
Celeron 32 KB L1 128 KB L2
Pentium III Cumine 32 KB L1 256 KB L2
AMD K6-3 64 KB L1 256 KB L2
AMD K7 Athlon 128 KB L1
AMD Duron 128 KB L1 64 KB L2
AMD Athlon Thunderbird 128 KB L1 256 KB L2
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Pentium ??? 486

• Pentium ???????????? 2 instruction ???????????
  (?????????? 2) ?? 1 clock cycle
• ??????? ??????????????? 2 ????

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Coolant

• ???????? Heat Sink ??????????? CPU

?????????????? Mainboard ??????????
????????????????? CPU
21
??? Overclock

• ????????????? clock ?????? CPU ?????????????
  Jumper ?????
• ???????????????

Bus frequencies Clock doubling factors Examples of resulting CPU frequencies
60 MHz 66 MHz 75 MHz 83 MHz 100 MHz 117 MHz 133 MHz 153 MHz 1½, 3½, 4, 4½, 5, 5½, 6 6½, 7 7½, 8 233 MHz, 266 MHz, 333 MHz 333 MHz, 366 MHz, 400 MHz, 433 MHz, 466 MHz, 500 MHz, 300 MHz, 338 MHz, 375 MHz, 375 MHz, 416 MHz, 458 MHz, 468 MHz, 527 MHz, 585 MHz 533 MHz, 600 MHz, 667 MHz, 612 MHz, 688 MHz, 765 MHz
???????? 2 ???
?????? Compressor (???????)
22
????

• ???????????? CPU ?????????????
• ????????????????????????
• ?????????? quantum CPU ?????????????????????????,
  ????????, ???????????????, ????????????????
• ???????????? CPU ????? ????????, ???????????
  (?????), ???????? clock