Restructuring the Postwar World

1
Restructuring the Postwar World

• Chapter 17

2
Cold War - terms to know

• Yalta Conference
• Iron Curtain
• Containment
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
• NATO
• Warsaw Pact

• Brinkmanship
• Third World
• Nonaligned nations
• Nikita Khrushchev
• Détente
• SALT talks

3
Frenemies

• Soviets and US were allied during WWII
• However, US was wary with the Soviets because of
  the alliance with Germany in 1939
• Stalin then blamed the US for not getting
  involved in Europe until 1944

4
Yalta Conference

• Division of Germany
• Germany would be occupied by Allies
• Germany would pay reparations to Soviets
• United Nations created
• Peacekeeping organization, based in New York City

5
Frenemies

• US and Soviets were no longer allies
• WWII affected each one differently
• Differences in politics and economics

United States Soviet Union
encourage democracy encourage growth of industry rebuild stable European governments reunite and stabilize Germany encourage communism and a workers revolution rebuild Soviet economy from Eastern Europe balance the USs influence keep Germany divided to prevent future war
6
Iron Curtain

• Buffer zone
• Soviets wanted a guard from the West
• Stalin created communist governments to surround
  the Soviet Union (disregarded agreement from
  Yalta Conference)
• Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia,
  Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia
• Stalin believed communism and capitalism could
  not exist in the same world
• Divided east and west
• Democratic west, communist east

7
US resists the Soviets

• Containment
• Block Soviet influence by making alliances and
  helping weak countries resist communism
• Truman Doctrine
• US should aid any country that rejects communism
• Highly contested, but passed by Congress
• Marshall Plan
• US should aid countries that are suffering
  because of WWII
• Provide food, machinery, and other materials to
  rebuild the countries
• Supported by Congress after the Soviets took
  control of Czechoslovakia

8
Berlin Airlift

• US and Soviets clashed over control of Germany
• Soviets wanted to keep Germany weak and divided
• US wanted to let Germany reunite
• Soviets continued to control West Berlin
• Cut off all traffic to West Berlin unless the
  Allies gave up the idea of unifying Germany
• US and Britain flew in supplies

9
Alliances

• NATO
• Blockade of Berlin caused Western nations to fear
  Soviet action
• Created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• If you attack one member of NATO, all will
  retaliate
• Warsaw Pact
• Soviets saw NATO as a threat, so they created
  their own alliance
• Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia,
  Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania

10
Cold War divides the world

• 1961 - Germans build a wall to divide East and
  West Berlin (symbolized the division around the
  world)
• India chose to remain neutral
• China sided with NATO

11
Brinkmanship

• US and Soviets had nuclear weapons
• Worked at creating even more powerful weaponry
  (fusion rather than fission)
• Eisenhowers secretary of state (Dulles)
  threatened that if the Soviets ever attacked,
  that the US would retaliate immediately
• Both countries were continually on the edge of
  going to war
• Strengthened the military, stockpiled weapons

12
Inspiration from the Cold War

• The Cold War spurred a desire for improved
  science and technology
• Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)
• Sputnik and other satellites
• CIA began using high-altitude spy planes

13
Third World

• Third world - countries in Latin America, Asia,
  Africa
• US, Soviets and Chinese all wanted influence on
  the governments of these countries
• Nonaligned nations
• Did not want to become involved in the Cold War,
  wanted to be neutral
• Some ended up taking sides

14
Conflicts in Latin America

• Latin American countries were struggling
• Rapid industrialization, population growth,
  growing gape between rich and poor
• Looked for aid from both US and Soviets
• US supported leaders who protected US businesses,
  but were often oppressive
• Soviets supported revolutionary and nationalistic
  movements

15
Conflicts in Latin America

• Cuban Revolution
• Fidel Castro led a revolution to overthrow Cubas
  dictator, but became a dictator himself
• Took over US mills and refineries, so US put an
  embargo on all trade
• Cuba turned to the Soviets for aid
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Soviets believed that US would not be able to
  stop Soviet expansion in Latin America
• Khrushchev built 42 missile sites in Cuba
• Khrushchev would remove the missiles if the US
  promised to not invade Cuba
• Cuba became dependent on Soviet aid

16
Soviets in Eastern Europe

• Soviets kept a firm grip on its satellite
  countries
• They could not grow/develop on their own - had to
  meet the needs of the Soviets
• Satellite countries began protesting, and China
  was becoming a threat
• Destalinization
• After Stalins death, Khrushchev wanted to get
  rid of the memory of Stalin
• Toppled statues, denounced Stalin for killing and
  imprisoning innocent Soviets
• Khrushchev wanted a change in how the Soviet
  Union dealt with capitalist countries
• peaceful competition

17
Protests against the Soviets

• Satellite countries were not satisfied
• Hungary
• People began protesting
• Imre Nagy formed a new government
• Promised elections and that he would force Soviet
  troops to leave
• Soviet troops arrived, overwhelmed the protestors
  and executed Nagy

18
Protests against the Soviets

• Khrushchev lost prestige after the Cuban Missile
  Crisis, replaced by Brezhnev
• Removed right to free speech and worship
• Government censored all published material
• Would not tolerate any form of dissent
• Alexander Dubcek - Czech leader responded by
  loosening his censorship laws
• Prague Spring - new ideas were allowed to bloom
• Brezhnev had forces from the Warsaw Pact invade
  Czechoslovakia
• Claimed it was to keep countries from rejecting
  communism

19
Soviets and China split

• China was committed to communism
• 1950 - Mao and Stalin signed a 30-year treaty of
  friendship
• Friendship did not last
• Chinese refused to follow Soviet leadership,
  began to spread their form of communism to Africa
  and Asia
• Khrushchev then refused to share nuclear secrets,
  and then ended economic aid

20
Détente

• End of Brinkmanship
• 1970s - US and Soviets were no longer involved in
  a series of crises that threatened nuclear war
• Soviets stepped down from a confrontation at sea
• President Johnson became involved in the Vietnam
  War
• US turns to détente
• US chose to avoid direct confrontation with the
  Soviets after the countrys reaction to Vietnam
• President Nixon wanted to reduce tensions between
  the two countries
• Wanted to work with China and Russia

21
SALT talks

• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
• Nixon and Brezhnev signed the SALT I treaty
• 5 year agreement
• Limited number of intercontinental ballistics and
  submarine-launched missiles
• SALT II
• President Carter was unhappy with Soviet actions
  (harsh treatment of protestors)
• Soviets invaded Afghanistan - Congress refused to
  ratify SALT II

22
Détente

• Collapse of the détente
• More countries began creating nuclear weapons
• Reagan took office
• Very anti-communist
• Increased defense spending
• Put military and economic pressure on the Soviets
• Created Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to
  protect from enemy missiles

23
China, Korea, Vietnam

• Complete the worksheet

24
Conflicts in the Middle East

• Clash over Western and Islamic values
• Iran
• Shah Pahlavi (Irans leader) strengthened ties to
  Western cultures, and weakened the influence of
  ayatollahs
• Ayatollah Khomeini encouraged riots and took over
  the government
• Strongly anti-US
• Very militant style of Islamic government,
  attacked US Embassy
• Took 60 people hostage for 444 days

25
Conflicts in the Middle East

• Iraq
• Saddam Hussein ran a secular government
• Iran and Iraq went to war in 1980
• US supported both sides - didnt want a change in
  power
• Soviets supported Iraq
• Afghanistan
• Soviet influence began increasing in the 1950s
• 1979 - Muslims revolted and Soviets invaded
• Soviets were stuck in Afghanistan, fighting
  troops supported by the US
• US considered the Soviets a threat to oil supplies

26
Monday

• Describe the relationship between the US and
  Soviets after WWII
• Compare/Contrast US and Soviet ways of thinking
  for politics and economics
• Was the Iron Curtain necessary?

27
Tuesday

• Why were NATO and the Warsaw Pact created?
• Why would some countries decide to remain
  neutral?
• What did we gain from the Cold War?
• Were we safer during brinkmanship?

28
Wednesday

• Why was the Third World important during the Cold
  War?
• What effect did the Cuban Missile Crisis have on
  the Cold War?
• Why did the Soviet Union want to keep Hungary as
  a satellite?

29
Thursday

• What is the difference between brinkmanship and
  détente?
• What happened at the SALT talks?
• Could the US have gained Ayatollah Khomeinis
  support? Why/Why not?

30
Friday

• How did the Cold War contribute to Jiang Jieshis
  survival?
• Compare/Contrast Chinas promised to Tibet with
  the Soviet Unions promises to eastern Europe
• What is the importance of the communes?
• Describe the Cultural Revolution and its effect
  on society.

31
Monday

• What was result of the Korean War?
• Compare/Contrast the Vietnamese Nationalists and
  Communists with the Chinese Nationalists and
  Communists.
• Why did the US get involved in Vietnam?
• Are we safer today or during the Cold War?

32
Study Guide (Essay Test)

• Iron Curtain - What was it? Why did it exist?
  What are the benefits and weaknesses? Was it
  necessary?
• Relationship between US and Soviets - What
  weakened it? How did the relationship change
  during the Cold War? What event(s) almost came
  to war? What effect did the Cuban Missile Crisis
  have on the relationship?
• What changes did Mao Zedong make in China? What
  was one of the major changes? How did his
  actions benefit/weaken the country? What effect
  did the Cultural Revolution have?
• What is brinkmanship? What caused it? What
  effect did it have on society? IYO-was it good
  or bad?