CLASSIFICATION

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CLASSIFICATION

• Why Classification?
• Study the diversity of life
• Group and name organisms in a logical manner
• Taxonomy science of classifying living and
  creating scientific names

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Early Classification

• Aristotle 350 B.C.
• Greek philosopher who classified organisms
  into two kingdoms Plants or Animals
• Plants size and structures
• Animals behavior and habitat
• What might be some problems with his system?

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Video Clip
http//www.glencoe.com/sec/science/biology/bio2000
/biomovies/e20_1int.html
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• Linneaus Mid 1700s developed a new
• classification system
• His system grouped organisms based on morphology
  (physical appearance)
• Created 7 taxonomic levels

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
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Linnaeus Taxonomic levels

• 7 taxonomic levels (taxoncategory)
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
  Species
• Phrase to remember order of levels
• King Phil Came Over For Good Soup

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7 Taxonomic levelsCan be compared to our address
system

• Kingdom (broadest)----- Country
• Phylum -------------------- State
• Class----------------------- County
• Order -------------------- City
• Family -------------------- Zip Code
• Genus -------------------- Street
• Species (most specific)- House

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Leopard
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Human Taxonomy
Kingdom Animalia -many cells (multicellular) -cells have a nucleus - don't have any chlorophyll
Phylum Chordata -had NOTOCHORD. That's a rod made out of cartilage.
Class Mammalia -warm blooded -nurse young -hair
Order Primata -eyes on the front of the head
Family Hominidae -walk upright -no tail -s shaped spine
Genus Homo
Species sapien
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GROUP NAME ORGANISM ORGANISM ORGANISM ORGANISM ORGANISM
GROUP NAME HUMAN CHIMPANZEE HOUSE CAT LION HOUSEFLY
KINGDOM Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordate Arthropoda
CLASS Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Insect
ORDER Primates Primates Carnivora Carnivora Diptera
FAMILY Hominidae Hominidae Felidae Felidae Muscidae
GENUS Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca
SPECIES sapiens troglodytes domestica leo domestica
Scientific Name Homo sapiens Pan troglodytes Felis domestica Felis leo Musca domestica
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What is a Species?

• Group of similar organisms that reproduce
  NATURALLY, with consistent pregnancies, and
  create FERTILE offspring

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Binomial NomenclatureScientific Names

• Scientists avoid using common names to prevent
  confusion because they vary from region to
  region.
• Blue Jay Blue Jay
• Eastern Blue Jay Western Blue Jay
• Cyanocitta cristata Cyanocitta stellari

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Binomial NomenclatureScientific Names

• 2 part naming system that consists of genus and
  species.
• Rules for writing scientific names
• Genus first word - first letter capitalized
• Species second word - lowercase
• Both are underlined or italicized
• EX Homo sapiens Human beings
• Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird

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North American Pocket Mice

• Pergonathus californicus
• Found in California
• Pergonathus nelsoni
• Discovered by someone named Nelson
• Pergonathus spinatus
• Has prickly fur
• Common Factors-Same genus, different species, so
  would produce infertile offspring.

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Review

• What are the eight characteristics of life?
• Living things are made of cells
• Must reproduce
• Same genetic code
• Must grow and develop
• Must obtain energy
• Must respond to environment
• Must maintain homeostasis
• Must adapt and evolve

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Review

• What are the 7 taxonomic levels in order from
  most general to most specific?
• Kingdom
• Phlyum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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Review

• Who created the classification system that is
  currently in use?
• Linnaeus

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Review

• The two name scientific naming system for
  organisms is called ____________.
• Binomial nomenclature

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Review

• Which taxon comes first in a scientific name?
• Genus

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Review

• How should you format the scientific name?
• Genus- capitalized
• Species-lower case
• Either underline or italicize

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Modern Classification

• Problems with traditional system focused only on
  morphology (appearance)
• Modern Criteria for Classification uses
• Morphology/Anatomy
• Development
• DNA Comparison- DNA sequences
• Evolutionary descent

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Dichotomous Key

• Tool for classifying unknown organisms
• Uses 2 sets of descriptors, known as couplets
• Steps
• Always start at 1
• Follow couplets based on organisms
  characteristics

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1) Peacock Flounder
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2) Spotted Goat Fish
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3) Glassy Sweeper
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4) Squirrel Fish
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5) Spotted Eagle Ray
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6) Band Tail Puffer
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7) Spotted Moray Eel
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8) Glass Eyed Snapper
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9) Trumpet Fish
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Rajidaeskates
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AlopiidaeThresher Shark
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PristophorideaSaw Shark
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CarcharhinidaeTiger Sharks
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ScyliorhinidaeCat Shark
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RhincodontidaeWhale Shark
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IsuridaeMackerel Sharks
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SqualidaeDogfish Sharks
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DasyatidaeStingrays
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ScapanorhynchidaeGoblin shark
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PseudotriakidaeFalse Cat sharks
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Hexanchidaecow sharks
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SphyrnidaeHammerhead shark
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MobulidaeManta Ray
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Evolutionary Classification

• Cladistics the science of grouping organisms
  based on evolutionary descent, not just
  morphology.
• Cladogram a diagram that shows evolutionary
  relationships among organisms.
• Derived character characteristic that appears in
  recent parts of a lineage, but not in the older
  members. Used to build cladograms.

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Cladogram

• www.biologycorner.com/cladogram/cladogram_2.htm

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Cladogram Practice

• Examine the sample cladogram, each letter on the
  diagram points to a derived character, or
  something different (or newer) than what was seen
  in previous groups. Match the letter to its
  character. Note this cladogram was created for
  simplicity and understanding, it does not
  represent the established phylogeny for insects
  and their relatives.

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• To make a cladogram, you must first look at the
  animals you are studying and establish the
  characteristics that they share and ones that are
  unique o each group. For the animals on the
  table, indicate whether the characteristic is
  present or not.