The Outputs - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 25
About This Presentation
Title:

The Outputs

Description:

THE OUTPUTS & OUTCOMES OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Nature of Public Policy Outputs: authoritative decisions that government makes Outcomes ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:70
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 26
Provided by: cmo160
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: The Outputs


1
  • The Outputs Outcomes of the Political System

2
Nature of Public Policy
  • Outputs authoritative decisions that government
    makes
  • Outcomes
  • Policies or outputs are chosen to promote
    different end results
  • End results are outcomes
  • Different policy instruments may be more or less
    efficient ways in which to reach the outcomes
    that policy makers want

3
Functions of the Political System
4
POLITICAL RESPONSIVENESS
  • Relationships among
  • Hurricane Tracking - responds to the demand for
    safety
  • Political demands
  • Outputs of process functions
  • Outcomes of policy implementation

5
Public Policies
  • Public policies may be summarized and compared
    according to outputs classified into four
    headings
  • Distribution
  • Extraction
  • Regulation
  • Symbolic outputs

6
From the Night Watchman State to the Welfare State
  • Night Watchman State a Lockean state, which
    primarily sought to regulate just enough to
    preserve law, order, a good business climate, and
    the basic security of its citizens
  • Police State regulates much more intrusively and
    extracts resources more severely than the night
    watchman state
  • Regulatory State evolved in all advanced
    industrial societies as they face the
    complexities of modern life
  • Welfare State found particularly in more
    prosperous and democratic societies, distributes
    resources extensively to provide for the health,
    education, employment, housing, and income
    support of its citizens

7
Welfare State
  • First modern welfare state programs introduced in
    Germany in the 1880s
  • Bismarck social insurance programs that
    protected workers
  • 1930s to 1970s most industrialized states have
    adopted and expanded welfare policies
  • 1980s and 1990s the welfare states in advanced
    capitalist countries continued to grow albeit at
    a somewhat slower rate
  • Mixture between social insurance and social
    redistribution
  • In part paternalistic and in part Robin Hood

8
Challenges to the Welfare State
  • Ability of future generations to pay
  • Growth of senior citizens/dependency ratios
  • Some welfare states give citizens few incentives
    to work.
  • Norway and Sweden

9
(No Transcript)
10
Public Policies Distribution
  • Chesapeake Tunnel Bridge
  • Quantity
  • Available resources usually depend of domestic
    extractive capability
  • Areas of human life touched by benefits
  • Welfare
  • Infrastructure
  • National security
  • Welfare state as a distributive ideology

11
Extractive Policy
  • Services (military duty,jury duty)
  • Taxation (extractions that have no immediate or
    direct benefit)
  • Borrowing
  • Issues of efficiency and equity are always
    associated with making and implementing
    extractive rules

12
Extraction Services
  • Compulsory military service
  • Jury duty
  • Compulsory labor imposed on those convicted of a
    crime

13
Extraction Economic
  • Direct extraction of services
  • Compulsory military service, jury duty, or
    compulsory labor imposed on those convicted of
    crime
  • Direct resource extraction
  • Taxation
  • Direct taxes
  • Indirect taxes
  • Progressive tax structure
  • Regressive tax structure
  • The tax profiles of different countries vary both
    in their overall tax burdens and in their
    reliance on different types of taxes.
  • Differ in how they collect their revenues

14
(No Transcript)
15
Regulative Policy Use of Compulsion
  • Coercion
  • Protect property rights
  • Crime prevention/fighting
  • Material of financial inducements
  • Mortgage write-off
  • Environment
  • Protection of civil liberties/rights

16
Symbolic Policy - used by government to exhort
citizens to desired forms of conduct
  • Appeals to values
  • Comply with the law more faithfully
  • Accept hardship, sacrifice, danger
  • Employs symbols
  • Holiday parades
  • Public buildings
  • Patriotic indoctrination
  • Enhances aspects of systems performance

17
Outcomes Domestic Welfare
  • How do extractive, distributive, regulative, and
    symbolic policies affect the lives of citizens?
  • Sometimes policies have unintended and
    undesirable consequences.
  • To estimate the effectiveness of public policy,
    we have to examine actual welfare outcomes as
    well as governmental policies and their
    implementation.
  • Measures of economic well-being
  • Nigeria and India - severe problems
  • Income distribution tends to be most unequal in
    medium-income developing societies, such as
    Brazil, and more equal in advanced market
    societies as well as in low-income developing
    societies, such as India.
  • Kuznets Curve
  • Health outcomes
  • Education and information technologies

18
(No Transcript)
19
Domestic Security Outcomes
  • Crime rates have been on the increase in many
    advanced industrial societies until recently as
    well as the developing world.
  • Russia, Brazil and Mexico- high rates of crimes
  • England, France (has had an increase), and
    Germany have a small fraction of the U.S.s crime
    numbers
  • China has low murder rates Japan even lower.
  • Much crime found in urban areas.
  • Causes are complex.
  • Migration increases diversity and conflict.
  • Pace of urbanization explosive severe problems
    of poverty and infrastructure
  • Inequality of income and wealth, unemployment,
    drug abuse, hopelessness of big city life
  • Crime rates have come down in the U.S.
  • Stronger economy increased incarceration time
    decrease in youth

20
International Outputs and Outcomes
  • Warfare
  • Terrorism

21
International Outputs and Outcomes
  • Increased assistance to poor countries
  • Domestic populations accept the costs of pursuing
    international policies when they perceive a
    direct threat to their national security

22
Political Goods and Values
  • If we are to compare and evaluate public policy
    in different political systems, we need to
    consider the political goods that motivate
    different policies.
  • System goods Citizens are most free and most
    able to act purposefully when their environment
    is stable, transparent, and predictable.
  • Process goods citizen participation and free
    political participation democratic procedures
    and various rights of due process
  • Policy goods economic welfare, quality of life,
    freedom and personal security

23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
Final Thoughts
-- if the political goods being produced fail to
live up to expectations the government will lose
support -- if this condition persists over
a long period the political regime will lose
legitimacy
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com