The Outputs

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• The Outputs Outcomes of the Political System

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Nature of Public Policy

• Outputs authoritative decisions that government
  makes
• Outcomes
• Policies or outputs are chosen to promote
  different end results
• End results are outcomes
• Different policy instruments may be more or less
  efficient ways in which to reach the outcomes
  that policy makers want

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Functions of the Political System
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POLITICAL RESPONSIVENESS

• Relationships among

• Hurricane Tracking - responds to the demand for
  safety

• Political demands
• Outputs of process functions
• Outcomes of policy implementation

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Public Policies

• Public policies may be summarized and compared
  according to outputs classified into four
  headings
• Distribution
• Extraction
• Regulation
• Symbolic outputs

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From the Night Watchman State to the Welfare State

• Night Watchman State a Lockean state, which
  primarily sought to regulate just enough to
  preserve law, order, a good business climate, and
  the basic security of its citizens
• Police State regulates much more intrusively and
  extracts resources more severely than the night
  watchman state
• Regulatory State evolved in all advanced
  industrial societies as they face the
  complexities of modern life
• Welfare State found particularly in more
  prosperous and democratic societies, distributes
  resources extensively to provide for the health,
  education, employment, housing, and income
  support of its citizens

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Welfare State

• First modern welfare state programs introduced in
  Germany in the 1880s
• Bismarck social insurance programs that
  protected workers
• 1930s to 1970s most industrialized states have
  adopted and expanded welfare policies
• 1980s and 1990s the welfare states in advanced
  capitalist countries continued to grow albeit at
  a somewhat slower rate
• Mixture between social insurance and social
  redistribution
• In part paternalistic and in part Robin Hood

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Challenges to the Welfare State

• Ability of future generations to pay
• Growth of senior citizens/dependency ratios
• Some welfare states give citizens few incentives
  to work.
• Norway and Sweden

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Public Policies Distribution

• Chesapeake Tunnel Bridge

• Quantity
• Available resources usually depend of domestic
  extractive capability
• Areas of human life touched by benefits
• Welfare
• Infrastructure
• National security
• Welfare state as a distributive ideology

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Extractive Policy

• Services (military duty,jury duty)
• Taxation (extractions that have no immediate or
  direct benefit)
• Borrowing
• Issues of efficiency and equity are always
  associated with making and implementing
  extractive rules

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Extraction Services

• Compulsory military service
• Jury duty
• Compulsory labor imposed on those convicted of a
  crime

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Extraction Economic

• Direct extraction of services
• Compulsory military service, jury duty, or
  compulsory labor imposed on those convicted of
  crime
• Direct resource extraction
• Taxation
• Direct taxes
• Indirect taxes
• Progressive tax structure
• Regressive tax structure
• The tax profiles of different countries vary both
  in their overall tax burdens and in their
  reliance on different types of taxes.
• Differ in how they collect their revenues

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Regulative Policy Use of Compulsion

• Coercion
• Protect property rights
• Crime prevention/fighting
• Material of financial inducements
• Mortgage write-off
• Environment
• Protection of civil liberties/rights

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Symbolic Policy - used by government to exhort
citizens to desired forms of conduct

• Appeals to values
• Comply with the law more faithfully
• Accept hardship, sacrifice, danger
• Employs symbols
• Holiday parades
• Public buildings
• Patriotic indoctrination
• Enhances aspects of systems performance

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Outcomes Domestic Welfare

• How do extractive, distributive, regulative, and
  symbolic policies affect the lives of citizens?
• Sometimes policies have unintended and
  undesirable consequences.
• To estimate the effectiveness of public policy,
  we have to examine actual welfare outcomes as
  well as governmental policies and their
  implementation.
• Measures of economic well-being
• Nigeria and India - severe problems
• Income distribution tends to be most unequal in
  medium-income developing societies, such as
  Brazil, and more equal in advanced market
  societies as well as in low-income developing
  societies, such as India.
• Kuznets Curve
• Health outcomes
• Education and information technologies

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Domestic Security Outcomes

• Crime rates have been on the increase in many
  advanced industrial societies until recently as
  well as the developing world.
• Russia, Brazil and Mexico- high rates of crimes
• England, France (has had an increase), and
  Germany have a small fraction of the U.S.s crime
  numbers
• China has low murder rates Japan even lower.
• Much crime found in urban areas.
• Causes are complex.
• Migration increases diversity and conflict.
• Pace of urbanization explosive severe problems
  of poverty and infrastructure
• Inequality of income and wealth, unemployment,
  drug abuse, hopelessness of big city life
• Crime rates have come down in the U.S.
• Stronger economy increased incarceration time
  decrease in youth

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International Outputs and Outcomes

• Warfare

• Terrorism

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International Outputs and Outcomes

• Increased assistance to poor countries
• Domestic populations accept the costs of pursuing
  international policies when they perceive a
  direct threat to their national security

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Political Goods and Values

• If we are to compare and evaluate public policy
  in different political systems, we need to
  consider the political goods that motivate
  different policies.
• System goods Citizens are most free and most
  able to act purposefully when their environment
  is stable, transparent, and predictable.
• Process goods citizen participation and free
  political participation democratic procedures
  and various rights of due process
• Policy goods economic welfare, quality of life,
  freedom and personal security

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Final Thoughts
-- if the political goods being produced fail to
live up to expectations the government will lose
support -- if this condition persists over
a long period the political regime will lose
legitimacy