Title: The Outputs
1- The Outputs Outcomes of the Political System
2Nature of Public Policy
- Outputs authoritative decisions that government
makes - Outcomes
- Policies or outputs are chosen to promote
different end results - End results are outcomes
- Different policy instruments may be more or less
efficient ways in which to reach the outcomes
that policy makers want
3Functions of the Political System
4POLITICAL RESPONSIVENESS
- Hurricane Tracking - responds to the demand for
safety
- Political demands
- Outputs of process functions
- Outcomes of policy implementation
5Public Policies
- Public policies may be summarized and compared
according to outputs classified into four
headings - Distribution
- Extraction
- Regulation
- Symbolic outputs
6From the Night Watchman State to the Welfare State
- Night Watchman State a Lockean state, which
primarily sought to regulate just enough to
preserve law, order, a good business climate, and
the basic security of its citizens - Police State regulates much more intrusively and
extracts resources more severely than the night
watchman state - Regulatory State evolved in all advanced
industrial societies as they face the
complexities of modern life - Welfare State found particularly in more
prosperous and democratic societies, distributes
resources extensively to provide for the health,
education, employment, housing, and income
support of its citizens
7Welfare State
- First modern welfare state programs introduced in
Germany in the 1880s - Bismarck social insurance programs that
protected workers - 1930s to 1970s most industrialized states have
adopted and expanded welfare policies - 1980s and 1990s the welfare states in advanced
capitalist countries continued to grow albeit at
a somewhat slower rate - Mixture between social insurance and social
redistribution - In part paternalistic and in part Robin Hood
8Challenges to the Welfare State
- Ability of future generations to pay
- Growth of senior citizens/dependency ratios
- Some welfare states give citizens few incentives
to work. - Norway and Sweden
9(No Transcript)
10Public Policies Distribution
- Quantity
- Available resources usually depend of domestic
extractive capability - Areas of human life touched by benefits
- Welfare
- Infrastructure
- National security
- Welfare state as a distributive ideology
11Extractive Policy
- Services (military duty,jury duty)
- Taxation (extractions that have no immediate or
direct benefit) - Borrowing
- Issues of efficiency and equity are always
associated with making and implementing
extractive rules
12Extraction Services
- Compulsory military service
- Jury duty
- Compulsory labor imposed on those convicted of a
crime
13Extraction Economic
- Direct extraction of services
- Compulsory military service, jury duty, or
compulsory labor imposed on those convicted of
crime - Direct resource extraction
- Taxation
- Direct taxes
- Indirect taxes
- Progressive tax structure
- Regressive tax structure
- The tax profiles of different countries vary both
in their overall tax burdens and in their
reliance on different types of taxes. - Differ in how they collect their revenues
14(No Transcript)
15Regulative Policy Use of Compulsion
- Coercion
- Protect property rights
- Crime prevention/fighting
- Material of financial inducements
- Mortgage write-off
- Environment
- Protection of civil liberties/rights
16Symbolic Policy - used by government to exhort
citizens to desired forms of conduct
- Appeals to values
- Comply with the law more faithfully
- Accept hardship, sacrifice, danger
- Employs symbols
- Holiday parades
- Public buildings
- Patriotic indoctrination
- Enhances aspects of systems performance
17Outcomes Domestic Welfare
- How do extractive, distributive, regulative, and
symbolic policies affect the lives of citizens? - Sometimes policies have unintended and
undesirable consequences. - To estimate the effectiveness of public policy,
we have to examine actual welfare outcomes as
well as governmental policies and their
implementation. - Measures of economic well-being
- Nigeria and India - severe problems
- Income distribution tends to be most unequal in
medium-income developing societies, such as
Brazil, and more equal in advanced market
societies as well as in low-income developing
societies, such as India. - Kuznets Curve
- Health outcomes
- Education and information technologies
18(No Transcript)
19Domestic Security Outcomes
- Crime rates have been on the increase in many
advanced industrial societies until recently as
well as the developing world. - Russia, Brazil and Mexico- high rates of crimes
- England, France (has had an increase), and
Germany have a small fraction of the U.S.s crime
numbers - China has low murder rates Japan even lower.
- Much crime found in urban areas.
- Causes are complex.
- Migration increases diversity and conflict.
- Pace of urbanization explosive severe problems
of poverty and infrastructure - Inequality of income and wealth, unemployment,
drug abuse, hopelessness of big city life - Crime rates have come down in the U.S.
- Stronger economy increased incarceration time
decrease in youth
20International Outputs and Outcomes
21International Outputs and Outcomes
- Increased assistance to poor countries
- Domestic populations accept the costs of pursuing
international policies when they perceive a
direct threat to their national security
22Political Goods and Values
- If we are to compare and evaluate public policy
in different political systems, we need to
consider the political goods that motivate
different policies. - System goods Citizens are most free and most
able to act purposefully when their environment
is stable, transparent, and predictable. - Process goods citizen participation and free
political participation democratic procedures
and various rights of due process - Policy goods economic welfare, quality of life,
freedom and personal security
23(No Transcript)
24(No Transcript)
25Final Thoughts
-- if the political goods being produced fail to
live up to expectations the government will lose
support -- if this condition persists over
a long period the political regime will lose
legitimacy