Genetic Engineering

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Genetic Engineering

• Polymerase Chain ReactionPCR

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Copying The DNA Sequence

• How do you take
• 1 little, bitty strand of DNA
• Make TONS of Copies
• PCR
• Polymerase Chain Reaction

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PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

• Kary Mullis
• Invented PCR in 1983
• Nobel Prize in 1993

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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

• Used Heat to Separate DNA
• 80o C (176o F)
• Unfortunately, the Heat Destroyed the DNA
  Polymerase
• BUT
• There ARE bacteria that live at these
  temperatures
• If they live their DNA Polymerase must function
  at High Temperature So Why Not Use Their DNA
  Polymerase?
• And That Is Just What He Did!

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PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
Yellowstone HotspringSource of PCR DNA Polymerase
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PCR is a 3 Step Process

• PCR Needs 4 Materials
• The DNA to be Copied
• DNA Polymerase (Heat Stable)
• Large amounts of all 4 Nucleotides
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Two Primers

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PCR is a 3 Step Process

• Whats A Primer?
• A short segment of DNA that acts as a starting
  point for the DNA Polymerase
• DNA Polymerase can not attach start without the
  Primer
• Primers also allow you to
• Control the starting point
• Control the length
• Of the DNA Strand

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PCR is a 3 Step Process

• What are the 3 Steps?
• Separating the DNA Strand
• Binding the Primers
• Copying the DNA
• Place All The Materials In A
• Reaction Tube

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PCR Separating The DNA

• Step 1 Heat the DNA

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PCR Binding The Primers

• Step 2 Bind The Primers

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PCR Copying the DNA

• Step 3 Copy the DNA

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PCR Go Back Do It Again

• And Again and Again and Again

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PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
1 DNA Strand X 25 Cycles 16,777,216 Copies
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PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction