Classification

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Classification

• 8a Define taxonomy and recognize the importance
  of a standardized taxonomic system
• 8b Categorize organisms using a hierarchical
  classification system based on similarities and
  differences shared among groups
• 8c Compare characteristics of taxonomic groups
  including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi,
  plants and animals

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Whats my name?

• Mountain lion
• Cougar
• Puma
• Panther
• Catamount

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Taxonomy

• the naming, describing, and classifying organisms
  based on characteristics

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Carolus Linnaeus

• Father of taxonomy

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Binomial Nomenclature

• formal system of naming organisms by giving each
  a name composed of two parts, both of which use
  Latin

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Scientific Names

• The first word is the organisms Genus (closely
  related species)
• The second word is the organisms species
• Genus species

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Homo sapiens
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Felis concolor
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Liquidambar styraciflua
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Canis lupus
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Flowchart
Linnaeuss System of Classification General to
Specific
Section 18-1
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Why classify?

• To group organisms according to similarities
• To name organisms in a way that all scientists
  across the world can communicate (to get around
  language barriers)

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But scientific names can change

• With new discoveries, we can re-classify
  organisms
• Chinese tallow tree changed from Sapium
  sebiferum toTriadica sebifera

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Modern Evolutionary Classification

• The old Linnaeus way of using visible physical
  similarities puts organisms that are very
  different in the same groups.
• So, now organisms are grouped according to
  characteristics that show common ancestry.
• Phylogeny the study of evolutionary
  relationships among organisms.
• All members of a genus share a recent common
  ancestor.

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Example Barnacles and Limpets
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Traditional Classification Versus Cladogram pg.
452
Appendages
Conical Shells
Crustaceans
Gastropod
Crab
Crab
Limpet
Limpet
Barnacle
Barnacle
Molted exoskeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES
CLADOGRAM
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Example Barnacles and Limpets

• Adult barnacles look and act like limpets.
• Limpets have similar insides to a snail and dont
  shed their shells like a snail mollusks.
• Barnacles have similar anatomy and development to
  crabs crustaceans.
• So, barnacles are grouped with crabs and limpets
  are grouped with snails.

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Cladogram

• diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships
  among organisms

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• The closer together in a relational line the
  organisms are, the more closely they are related
  (the more recent their common ancestor)
• The more similar the DNA the more recently they
  shared a common ancestor and the more closely
  they are related.

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Derived Character

• trait that is shared by organisms with a recent
  common ancestor

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Clade

• Group consisting of its ancestor and all its
  descendants

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Cladogram of Six Kingdoms and Three Domains, pg.
460
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdoms
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi A
nimalia
DOMAIN BACTERIA
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http//ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cla
dograms/Open-This-File.swf
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Figure 3

• ___ Egg shells
• ___ Cells
• ___ Mammary glands
• ___ Feathers
• ___ Lungs
• ___ Four limbs

D
A
F
E
C
B
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Dichotomous Key

• Series of ordered steps you follow to ID an
  organism
• To use, you read both options, decide which
  variation is best, and move on to the next step.

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Review

• Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

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Review

• Unicelluar vs. Multicellular

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Review

• Autotroph vs. Heterotroph

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3 Domains

• Recently, new discoveries at the molecular level
  of organisms have caused a new way to categorize
  domains.
• Eukarya protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• Bacteria same as eubacteria
• Archaea same as archaebacteria

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The 6 Kingdoms

• Eubacteria normal bacteria (strep, E. coli)
• Archaebacteria bacteria that live in extreme
  conditions and are usually anaerobic (hot
  springs, black mud, etc.)
• Protista most microorganisms (one or only few
  cells)
• Fungi mushrooms, yeasts, mold
• Plantae plants
• Animalia - animals

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Eubacteria

• Common term bacteria
• Cell type prokaryote
• of cells unicellular
• Cell walls present with peptidoglycan
• Type of nutrition autotroph or heterotroph

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Eubacteria

• Examples
• E. coli
• Streptococcus

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Archaebacteria

• Common term none, this is a rare type of
  organism that lives in extreme places like hot
  springs
• Cell type prokaryote
• of cells unicellular
• Cell walls present without peptidoglycan
• Type of nutrition autotroph or heterotroph

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Archaebacteria

• Examples
• Halobacterum (loves salt)
• Thermoproteus (likes hot water)

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Protista

• Common terms protists or single-celled
  organisms
• Cell type eukaryote
• of cells most unicellular some colonial
  some multicellular
• Cell walls some have cellulose cell walls and
  chloroplasts
• Type of nutrition autotroph or heterotroph

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Protista

• Poorly classified group (basically, if an
  organsisms doesnt fit anywhere else, they put it
  here
• Examples
• Amoeba
• Paramecium
• Algae

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Fungi

• Common term fungus
• Cell type eukaryote
• of cells most multicellular some unicellular
• Cell walls present made of chitin
• Type of nutrition heterotroph

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Fungi

• Examples
• Mushrooms
• Yeast
• Mold

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Plantae

• Common term plant
• Cell type eukaryote
• of cells multicellular
• Cell walls present made of cellulose
  chloroplasts present
• Type of nutrition autotroph (use photosynthesis)

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Plantae

• Examples
• Mosses
• Ferns
• Pine trees
• Flowering plants
• Grass

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Animalia

• Common term animal
• Cell type eukaryote
• of cells multicellular
• Cell walls no cell wall or chloroplasts
• Type of nutrition heterotroph

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Animalia

• Examples
• Sponge
• Insects
• Spiders
• Fish
• Birds
• Reptiles
• Mammals

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