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Developmental Psychology

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Title: Developmental Psychology


1
  • Developmental Psychology

2
(No Transcript)
3
Developmental Issues
  • Nature versus Nurture
  • How is our development influenced by our heredity
    (nature) and by our experience (nuture)?

Nature is all that a man brings with him into
the world nurture is every influence that
affects him after his birth. Francis Galton
4
Developmental Issues
  • Continuity versus Stages
  • Is developmental change gradual and continuous or
    does it proceed through a sequence of separate
    stages?
  • An escalator or rungs on a ladder?

5
Developmental Issues
  • Stability versus Change
  • Do we grow into older versions of our early
    selves or do we become new persons?

I was once your age, but I was never your
age!Unknown Quote from an old parent!
6
The Developing Person
  • Developmental Psychology
  • a branch of psychology that studies physical,
    cognitive and social change throughout the life
    span

7
Union of Egg and Sperm
8
Genetic Influences
  • X- Chromosomes
  • sex chromosome found in both males and females
  • females have two, males have one
  • an X-chromosome from each parent produces a
    female
  • Y-Chromosomes
  • sex chromosome found only in males
  • when paired with a X-chromosome from the mother,
    it produces a male child

9
Prenatal Development
  • Zygote
  • the fertilized egg
  • enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division
  • develops into an embryo
  • Embryo
  • the developing human organism from 2 weeks
    through 2nd month
  • Fetus
  • the developing human organism from 9 weeks after
    conception to birth

10
Prenatal Development
  • 40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months

11
Prenatal Development
  • Teratogens
  • agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can
    reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal
    development and cause harm
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
  • physical and cognitive abnormalities in children
    caused by a pregnant womans heavy drinking.
  • symptoms include facial misproportions

12
The Newborn
  • Rooting Reflex
  • tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple
    when touched on the cheek
  • Preferences
  • human voices and faces
  • facelike images--gt
  • smell and sound of mother
    preferred

13
The Newborn
  • Habituation
  • decreasing responsiveness with repeated
    stimulation
  • newborns become bored with a repeated stimulus,
    but renew their attention to a slightly different
    stimulus

14
The Newborn
Percentage of time spent looking
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Familiar stimulus
Novel stimulus
15
The Newborn
Time spent looking (seconds)
Presentation
16
Physical Development
  • Maturation
  • biological growth processes that enable orderly
    changes in behavior
  • relatively uninfluenced by experience
  • sets the course for development while experience
    adjusts it

17
Infancy and Childhood
  • Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking
    moves a mobile- and can retain that learning for
    a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989).

18
Cognitive Development
  • Cognition
  • mental activities associated with thinking,
    knowing, and remembering
  • Schema
  • a concept or framework that organizes and
    interprets information

19
Cognitive Development
  • Assimilation
  • interpreting ones new experience in terms of
    ones existing schemas
  • Accommodation
  • adapting ones current understandings (schemas)
    to incorporate new information

20
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
21
Cognitive Development
  • Object Permanence
  • the awareness that things continue to exist even
    when not perceived
  • Conservation
  • the principle that properties such as mass,
    volume, and number remain the same despite
    changes in the forms of objects
  • part of Piagets concrete operational reasoning

22
Cognitive Development
  • Baby Mathematics
  • Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants
    stare longer (Wynn, 1992)

23
Cognitive Development
  • Egocentrism
  • the inability of the preoperational child to take
    anothers point of view
  • Theory of Mind
  • peoples ideas about their own and others mental
    states- about their feelings, perceptions, and
    thoughts and the behavior these might predict

24
Social Development
  • Stranger Anxiety
  • fear of strangers that infants commonly display
  • beginning by about 8 months of age
  • Attachment
  • an emotional tie with another person
  • shown in young children by seeking closeness to
    the caregiver and showing distress on separation

25
Social Development
  • Harlows Surrogate Mother Experiments
  • Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable
    cloth mother, even while feeding from the
    nourishing wire mother

26
Social Development
  • Critical Period
  • an optimal period shortly after birth when an
    organisms exposure to certain stimuli or
    experiences produces proper development
  • Imprinting
  • the process by which certain animals form
    attachments during a critical period very early
    in life
  • Temperament
  • a persons characteristic emotional reactivity
    and intensity

27
Social Development
  • Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were
    terror-stricken when placed in strange situations
    without their surrogate mothers.

28
Social Development
  • Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)
  • a sense that the world is predictable and
    trustworthy
  • said to be formed during infancy by appropriate
    experiences with responsive caregivers
  • Self-Concept
  • a sense of ones identity and personal worth

29
Social Development
  • Groups of infants who had and had not experienced
    day care were left by their mothers in a
    unfamiliar room.

30
Social Development- Child-Rearing Practices
  • Authoritarian
  • parents impose rules and expect obedience
  • Dont interrupt
  • Why? Because I said so.
  • Authoritative
  • parents are both demanding and responsive
  • set rules, but explain reasons
  • encourage discussion

31
Social Development- Child-Rearing Practices
  • Permissive
  • submit to childrens desires
  • make few demands
  • use little punishment
  • Rejecting-neglecting
  • disengaged
  • expect little
  • invest little

32
Social Development- Child-Rearing Practices
  • Three explanations for correlation between
    authoritative parenting and social competence

33
Gender and Child-Rearing
  • Gender Identity
  • ones sense of being male or female
  • Gender-Typing
  • the acquisition of a traditional
    masculine or feminine role

34
Gender and Child-Rearing
  • Social Learning Theory
  • we learn social behavior by observing and
    imitating and by being rewarded or punished
  • Gender Schema Theory
  • children learn from their cultures a concept of
    what it means to be male and female
  • adjust behavior accordingly

35
Gender and Child-Rearing
Social learning theory
36
Adolescence
  • The transition period from childhood to adulthood.

37
Adolescence
  • Adolescence
  • the transition period from childhood to adulthood
  • extending from puberty to independence
  • Puberty
  • the period of sexual maturation
  • when one first becomes capable of reproduction

38
Physical Development
  • It all begins with puberty

Puberty the period of sexual maturation, during
which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
39
Adolescence
  • Primary Sex Characteristics
  • body structures that make sexual reproduction
    possible
  • ovaries- female
  • testes- male
  • external genitalia
  • Secondary Sex Characteristics
  • nonreproductive sexual characteristics
  • female- enlarged breast, hips
  • male- voice quality, body hair
  • Menarche (meh-NAR-key)
  • first menstrual period

40
When does puberty start?The Landmarks
  • First ejaculation for boys
  • Menstruation for girls

Do we remember these things?
41
Puberty
  • Sequence is way more predictable than the timing.

How might timing differences affect an adolescent
socially?
42
Adolescence and Adulthood
  • In the 1890s the average interval between a
    womans menarche and marriage was about 7 years
    now it is over 12 years.

43
Adolescence and Adulthood
  • Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar
    in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead
    briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age
    14.

44
Body Changes at Puberty
45
Cognitive Development
  • Have the ability to reason but.
  • The reasoning is self-focused. Assume that their
    experiences are unique.
  • Experience formal operational thought

46
Lawrence Kohlberg and his stages of Morality
  • Preconventional Morality
  • Conventional Morality
  • Postconventional Morality

47
Kohlbergs Moral Ladder
Postconventional level
  • As moral development progresses, the focus of
    concern moves from the self to the wider social
    world.

Conventional level
Preconventional level
48
Preconventional Morality
  • Morality of self- interest
  • Their actions are either to avoid punishment or
    to gain rewards.

49
Conventional Morality
  • Morality is based upon obeying laws to
  • Maintain social order
  • To gain social approval

I wont speed down Hampton because my friends
and family will look down on me. Besides, the
world would be chaotic if everyone did it.
50
Postconventional Morality
  • Morality based on universal ethical principles.
  • I wont speed down Hampton b/c a society w/o laws
    is not good. If I feel the law is unjust then
    Ill try to change it.

51
Social Development
  • Its all about forming an identity!!!

52
Identity
  • Ones sense of self.
  • The idea that an adolescents job is to find
    oneself by testing various roles.
  • Comes from Erik Eriksons stages of Psychosocial
    development.

53
Trust vs. Mistrust
Age Important Event Description
Birth - 18 months Feeding Infants form a loving, trusting relationship with parents they also learn to mistrust others.
54
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Age Important Event Description
18 months - 3 Years Toilet Training Child's energies are directed toward physical skills walking, grasping, and toilet training. The child learns control along with a healthy dose of shame and doubt.
55
Initiative vs. Guilt
Age Important Event Description
3 - 6 Years Independence Child becomes more assertive, takes more initiative, becomes more forceful.
56
Industry vs. Inferiority
Age Important Event Description
6 - 12 Years School The child must feel competent while risking a sense of inferiority and failure.
57
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Age Important Event Description
Adolescence Peers Teens must achieve self-identity while deciphering their roles in occupation, politics, and religion. Can develop negative identity.
58
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Age Important Event Description
Young Adult Relationships The young adult must develop marriage-seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation. Further career or get married?
59
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Age Important Event Description
Middle Adult Parenting Discover a sense of contributing to the world or may feel a lack of purpose.
60
Integrity vs. Despair
Age Important Event Description
Late Adult Life Reflection Acceptance of one's lifetime accomplishments and sense of fulfillment. Want control of their lives.
61
Social Development
  • Identity
  • ones sense of self
  • the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of
    self by testing and integrating various roles
  • Intimacy
  • the ability to form close, loving relationships
  • a primary developmental task in late adolescence
    and early adulthood

62
Social Development
  • The changing parent-child relationship.

63
Adulthood- Physical Changes
  • Menopause
  • the time of natural cessation of menstruation
  • also refers to the biological changes a woman
    experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
  • Alzheimers Disease
  • a progressive and irreversible brain disorder
  • characterized by a gradual deterioration of
    memory, reasoning, language, and finally,
    physical functioning

64
Adulthood- Physical Changes
  • The Aging Senses

1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0
10
30
50
70
90
Age in years
65
Adulthood- Physical Changes
  • The Aging Senses

90
70
50
10
30
50
70
90
Age in years
66
Adulthood- Physical Changes
  • The Aging Senses

90
70
50
10
30
50
70
90
Age in years
67
Adulthood- Physical Changes
Fatal accident rate
  • Slowing reactions contribute to increased
    accident risks among those 75 and older.

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
16
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75 and over
Age
68
Adulthood- Physical Changes
  • Incidence of Dementia by Age

69
Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
100
  • Recalling new names introduced once, twice or
    three times is easier for younger adults than for
    older ones (Crook West, 1990).

Percent of names recalled
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
18
40
50
60
70
Age group
70
Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
Number Of words remembered
  • In a study by Schonfield Robertson (1966), the
    ability to recall new information declined during
    early and middle adulthood, but the ability to
    recognize new information did not.

24
20
16
12
8
4
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
Age in years
71
Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
Reasoning ability score
  • Cross-Sectional Study
  • a study in which people of different ages are
    compared with one another
  • Longitudinal Study
  • a study in which the same people are restudied
    and retested over a long period

60
55
50
45
40
35
25
32
39
46
53
60
74
67
81
Age in years
Cross-sectional method
Longitudinal method
72
Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
Intelligence (IQ) score
  • Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age,
    while nonverbal intelligence scores decline
    (adapted from Kaufman others, 1989).

105
100
95
90
85
80
75
20
35
55
70
25
45
65
Age group
73
Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
  • Crystallized Intelligence
  • ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
  • tends to increase with age
  • Fluid Intelligence
  • ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly
  • tends to decrease during late adulthood

74
Adulthood- Social Changes
  • Early-forties midlife crisis?

75
Adulthood- Social Changes
  • Social Clock
  • the culturally preferred timing of social events
  • marriage
  • parenthood
  • retirement

76
Adulthood- Social Changes
  • Multinational surveys show that age differences
    in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart,
    1990).

Percentage satisfied with life as a whole
80
60
40
20
0
15
25
35
45
55
65
Age group
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