Title: Developmental Psychology
1 2(No Transcript)
3Developmental Issues
- Nature versus Nurture
- How is our development influenced by our heredity
(nature) and by our experience (nuture)?
Nature is all that a man brings with him into
the world nurture is every influence that
affects him after his birth. Francis Galton
4Developmental Issues
- Continuity versus Stages
- Is developmental change gradual and continuous or
does it proceed through a sequence of separate
stages? - An escalator or rungs on a ladder?
5Developmental Issues
- Stability versus Change
- Do we grow into older versions of our early
selves or do we become new persons?
I was once your age, but I was never your
age!Unknown Quote from an old parent!
6The Developing Person
- Developmental Psychology
- a branch of psychology that studies physical,
cognitive and social change throughout the life
span
7Union of Egg and Sperm
8Genetic Influences
- X- Chromosomes
- sex chromosome found in both males and females
- females have two, males have one
- an X-chromosome from each parent produces a
female - Y-Chromosomes
- sex chromosome found only in males
- when paired with a X-chromosome from the mother,
it produces a male child
9Prenatal Development
- Zygote
- the fertilized egg
- enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division
- develops into an embryo
- Embryo
- the developing human organism from 2 weeks
through 2nd month - Fetus
- the developing human organism from 9 weeks after
conception to birth
10Prenatal Development
- 40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months
11Prenatal Development
- Teratogens
- agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can
reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal
development and cause harm - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
- physical and cognitive abnormalities in children
caused by a pregnant womans heavy drinking. - symptoms include facial misproportions
12The Newborn
- Rooting Reflex
- tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple
when touched on the cheek - Preferences
- human voices and faces
- facelike images--gt
- smell and sound of mother
preferred
13The Newborn
- Habituation
- decreasing responsiveness with repeated
stimulation - newborns become bored with a repeated stimulus,
but renew their attention to a slightly different
stimulus
14The Newborn
Percentage of time spent looking
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Familiar stimulus
Novel stimulus
15The Newborn
Time spent looking (seconds)
Presentation
16Physical Development
- Maturation
- biological growth processes that enable orderly
changes in behavior - relatively uninfluenced by experience
- sets the course for development while experience
adjusts it
17Infancy and Childhood
- Babies only 3 months old can learn that kicking
moves a mobile- and can retain that learning for
a month (Rovee-Collier, 1989).
18Cognitive Development
- Cognition
- mental activities associated with thinking,
knowing, and remembering - Schema
- a concept or framework that organizes and
interprets information
19Cognitive Development
- Assimilation
- interpreting ones new experience in terms of
ones existing schemas - Accommodation
- adapting ones current understandings (schemas)
to incorporate new information
20Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
21Cognitive Development
- Object Permanence
- the awareness that things continue to exist even
when not perceived - Conservation
- the principle that properties such as mass,
volume, and number remain the same despite
changes in the forms of objects - part of Piagets concrete operational reasoning
22Cognitive Development
- Baby Mathematics
- Shown a numerically impossible outcome, infants
stare longer (Wynn, 1992)
23Cognitive Development
- Egocentrism
- the inability of the preoperational child to take
anothers point of view - Theory of Mind
- peoples ideas about their own and others mental
states- about their feelings, perceptions, and
thoughts and the behavior these might predict
24Social Development
- Stranger Anxiety
- fear of strangers that infants commonly display
- beginning by about 8 months of age
- Attachment
- an emotional tie with another person
- shown in young children by seeking closeness to
the caregiver and showing distress on separation
25Social Development
- Harlows Surrogate Mother Experiments
- Monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable
cloth mother, even while feeding from the
nourishing wire mother
26Social Development
- Critical Period
- an optimal period shortly after birth when an
organisms exposure to certain stimuli or
experiences produces proper development - Imprinting
- the process by which certain animals form
attachments during a critical period very early
in life - Temperament
- a persons characteristic emotional reactivity
and intensity
27Social Development
- Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were
terror-stricken when placed in strange situations
without their surrogate mothers.
28Social Development
- Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)
- a sense that the world is predictable and
trustworthy - said to be formed during infancy by appropriate
experiences with responsive caregivers - Self-Concept
- a sense of ones identity and personal worth
29Social Development
- Groups of infants who had and had not experienced
day care were left by their mothers in a
unfamiliar room.
30Social Development- Child-Rearing Practices
- Authoritarian
- parents impose rules and expect obedience
- Dont interrupt
- Why? Because I said so.
- Authoritative
- parents are both demanding and responsive
- set rules, but explain reasons
- encourage discussion
31Social Development- Child-Rearing Practices
- Permissive
- submit to childrens desires
- make few demands
- use little punishment
- Rejecting-neglecting
- disengaged
- expect little
- invest little
32Social Development- Child-Rearing Practices
- Three explanations for correlation between
authoritative parenting and social competence
33Gender and Child-Rearing
- Gender Identity
- ones sense of being male or female
- Gender-Typing
- the acquisition of a traditional
masculine or feminine role
34Gender and Child-Rearing
- Social Learning Theory
- we learn social behavior by observing and
imitating and by being rewarded or punished - Gender Schema Theory
- children learn from their cultures a concept of
what it means to be male and female - adjust behavior accordingly
35Gender and Child-Rearing
Social learning theory
36Adolescence
- The transition period from childhood to adulthood.
37Adolescence
- Adolescence
- the transition period from childhood to adulthood
- extending from puberty to independence
- Puberty
- the period of sexual maturation
- when one first becomes capable of reproduction
38Physical Development
- It all begins with puberty
Puberty the period of sexual maturation, during
which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
39Adolescence
- Primary Sex Characteristics
- body structures that make sexual reproduction
possible - ovaries- female
- testes- male
- external genitalia
- Secondary Sex Characteristics
- nonreproductive sexual characteristics
- female- enlarged breast, hips
- male- voice quality, body hair
- Menarche (meh-NAR-key)
- first menstrual period
40When does puberty start?The Landmarks
- First ejaculation for boys
Do we remember these things?
41Puberty
- Sequence is way more predictable than the timing.
How might timing differences affect an adolescent
socially?
42Adolescence and Adulthood
- In the 1890s the average interval between a
womans menarche and marriage was about 7 years
now it is over 12 years.
43Adolescence and Adulthood
- Throughout childhood, boys and girls are similar
in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead
briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age
14.
44Body Changes at Puberty
45Cognitive Development
- Have the ability to reason but.
- The reasoning is self-focused. Assume that their
experiences are unique.
- Experience formal operational thought
46Lawrence Kohlberg and his stages of Morality
- Preconventional Morality
- Conventional Morality
- Postconventional Morality
47Kohlbergs Moral Ladder
Postconventional level
- As moral development progresses, the focus of
concern moves from the self to the wider social
world.
Conventional level
Preconventional level
48Preconventional Morality
- Morality of self- interest
- Their actions are either to avoid punishment or
to gain rewards.
49Conventional Morality
- Morality is based upon obeying laws to
- Maintain social order
- To gain social approval
I wont speed down Hampton because my friends
and family will look down on me. Besides, the
world would be chaotic if everyone did it.
50Postconventional Morality
- Morality based on universal ethical principles.
- I wont speed down Hampton b/c a society w/o laws
is not good. If I feel the law is unjust then
Ill try to change it.
51Social Development
- Its all about forming an identity!!!
52Identity
- Ones sense of self.
- The idea that an adolescents job is to find
oneself by testing various roles. - Comes from Erik Eriksons stages of Psychosocial
development.
53Trust vs. Mistrust
Age Important Event Description
Birth - 18 months Feeding Infants form a loving, trusting relationship with parents they also learn to mistrust others.
54Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Age Important Event Description
18 months - 3 Years Toilet Training Child's energies are directed toward physical skills walking, grasping, and toilet training. The child learns control along with a healthy dose of shame and doubt.
55Initiative vs. Guilt
Age Important Event Description
3 - 6 Years Independence Child becomes more assertive, takes more initiative, becomes more forceful.
56Industry vs. Inferiority
Age Important Event Description
6 - 12 Years School The child must feel competent while risking a sense of inferiority and failure.
57Identity vs. Role Confusion
Age Important Event Description
Adolescence Peers Teens must achieve self-identity while deciphering their roles in occupation, politics, and religion. Can develop negative identity.
58Intimacy vs. Isolation
Age Important Event Description
Young Adult Relationships The young adult must develop marriage-seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation. Further career or get married?
59Generativity vs. Stagnation
Age Important Event Description
Middle Adult Parenting Discover a sense of contributing to the world or may feel a lack of purpose.
60Integrity vs. Despair
Age Important Event Description
Late Adult Life Reflection Acceptance of one's lifetime accomplishments and sense of fulfillment. Want control of their lives.
61Social Development
- Identity
- ones sense of self
- the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of
self by testing and integrating various roles - Intimacy
- the ability to form close, loving relationships
- a primary developmental task in late adolescence
and early adulthood
62Social Development
- The changing parent-child relationship.
63Adulthood- Physical Changes
- Menopause
- the time of natural cessation of menstruation
- also refers to the biological changes a woman
experiences as her ability to reproduce declines - Alzheimers Disease
- a progressive and irreversible brain disorder
- characterized by a gradual deterioration of
memory, reasoning, language, and finally,
physical functioning
64Adulthood- Physical Changes
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0
10
30
50
70
90
Age in years
65Adulthood- Physical Changes
90
70
50
10
30
50
70
90
Age in years
66Adulthood- Physical Changes
90
70
50
10
30
50
70
90
Age in years
67Adulthood- Physical Changes
Fatal accident rate
- Slowing reactions contribute to increased
accident risks among those 75 and older.
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
16
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75 and over
Age
68Adulthood- Physical Changes
- Incidence of Dementia by Age
69Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
100
- Recalling new names introduced once, twice or
three times is easier for younger adults than for
older ones (Crook West, 1990).
Percent of names recalled
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
18
40
50
60
70
Age group
70Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
Number Of words remembered
- In a study by Schonfield Robertson (1966), the
ability to recall new information declined during
early and middle adulthood, but the ability to
recognize new information did not.
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
Age in years
71Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
Reasoning ability score
- Cross-Sectional Study
- a study in which people of different ages are
compared with one another - Longitudinal Study
- a study in which the same people are restudied
and retested over a long period
60
55
50
45
40
35
25
32
39
46
53
60
74
67
81
Age in years
Cross-sectional method
Longitudinal method
72Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
Intelligence (IQ) score
- Verbal intelligence scores hold steady with age,
while nonverbal intelligence scores decline
(adapted from Kaufman others, 1989).
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
20
35
55
70
25
45
65
Age group
73Adulthood- Cognitive Changes
- Crystallized Intelligence
- ones accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
- tends to increase with age
- Fluid Intelligence
- ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly
- tends to decrease during late adulthood
74Adulthood- Social Changes
- Early-forties midlife crisis?
75Adulthood- Social Changes
- Social Clock
- the culturally preferred timing of social events
- marriage
- parenthood
- retirement
76Adulthood- Social Changes
- Multinational surveys show that age differences
in life satisfaction are trivial (Inglehart,
1990).
Percentage satisfied with life as a whole
80
60
40
20
0
15
25
35
45
55
65
Age group