Classification

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Classification Kingdoms
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Why classify?

• Is this a
• Mountain lion
• Puma
• Cougar
• Panther
• Felis concolor

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Why classify?

• To study the diversity of life
• To avoid confusion
• To group organisms in a logical manner
• To assign names

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Classification

• 3 major traits used to classify organisms into
  the six kingdoms
• 1) cell type
• a) prokaryotic DNA is not
  surrounded by a membrane No nucleus has no
  membrane-bound organelles
• b) eukaryotic has membrane-bound
  nucleus and organelles
• 2) method of obtaining food
• a) autotrophic self feeder makes
  its own food
• b) heterotrophic gets its food from
  an outside source
• 3) reproduction development
• a) sexual involves union of gametes
• b) asexual one organism makes
  identical copies (clones)

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Taxonomy

• Discipline of classifying organisms assigning
  each organism a universally accepted name.
• Biologist can be certain everyone is discussing
  the same organism.

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LARGE to small

• Start with a large general category move to
  smaller more specific categories.
• High School Students
• Females
• Sophomores

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Assigning Scientific Names

• First attempts at standard names often described
  the physical characteristics of a species in
  great detail.
• This is a problem because the names were long and
  scientists described different characteristics.

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Carolus Linnaeus

• Swedish botanist
• Lived during the 18th century
• Developed a naming system called binomial
  nomenclature
• Considered the Father of Taxonomy

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Each species is assigned a two-part scientific
  name.
• Written in italics or underlined
• First letter of the first word is capitalized and
  everything else is lowercase.
• First word is genus-a group of closely related
  species
• First plus the second word represents the species
  name

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Binomial Nomenclature
Grizzly Bear
Ursus arctos
Polar Bear
Ursus maritimus
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Linnaeuss System of Classification

• 7 levels called Taxon (plural taxa)
• From largest (most broad) to smallest (most
  specific)
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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Make a Mnemonic

• K
• P
• C
• O
• F
• G
• S

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Mnemonics

• King Phillip Came Over For Grandmas Soup
• Kids Playing with Cars On Freeways Get Squashed.
• Kids Playing Chicken On Freeways Get Smashed.
• King Phillip called out for good soup.
• King Philip came over from Germany swimming.
• King Philip came over for good spaghetti.
• Kings play chess on fat green stools.
• Kings play cards on fairly good soft velvet. ("v"
  standing for "variety")
• Kings possess crowns of fine gem stones.
• Kenneth, please close our front gate soon.
• Keep plates clean or family gets sick.
• Killing people causes outbursts from general
  society.
• Klingon phasers charge on fast gray ships.

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Taxa

• Kingdom-largest and most inclusive
• Phylum-made of up several classes
• Chordata includes class Mammalia, class Aves
  (birds), class Reptilia, Class Amphibia, and all
  classes of fishes
• Class-made up of similar orders
• Mammalia
• Order-made up of similar families
• Carnivora

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Taxa (cont)

• Family-similar genera
• Ursidae-bears
• Canidae-dogs
• Felidae-cats
• Genus-similar species
• Species

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Classification

• classification comparison of 2 different species
• housecat
  leopard
• Kingdom Animalia Animalia
• Phylum Chordata Chordata
• Class Mammalia Mammalia
• Order Carnivora Carnivora
• Family Felidae Felidae
• Genus Felis Panthera
• Species Felis domesticus Panthera
  pardus

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Dichotomous Key

• Tool used to identify unfamiliar organisms
• A series of paired statements that describe
  physical characteristics of different organisms.
• Hints
• 1. Look at one thing at a time
• 2. Always start with the 1st pair of statements

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Evolutionary Classification

• Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary
  history
• Example-members of a genus share a recent common
  ancestor

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Cladogram

• Diagram that shows these derived characteristics
• Shows the evolutionary relationships among a
  group of organisms
• An evolutionary tree
• Shows scientists where one lineage branched from
  another in the course of evolution

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Cladogram
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Cladogram
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Six Kingdoms

• Linneaus only had two kingdoms-Plantae and
  Animalia
• Scientists then added three kingdoms
• Protista-microorganisms
• Fungi-mushrooms, yeasts, and molds
• Monera-bacteria that lack nuclei, mitochondria,
  and chloroplasts
• Scientists then separated Monera into Eubacteria
  and Archaebacteria

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3 Domains

• A domain is more inclusive than a kingdom
• Domain Bacteria
• Kingdom Eubacteria
• Domain Archaea
• Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Domain Eukarya
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

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Domain Archaea-Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic-No nucleus
• Many live in extreme / harsh environments
  (conditions)
• Mostly autotrophic by chemosynthesis
• Simplest cells
• Examples Methanogens, halophiles

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Domain Archaea-Kingdom Archaebacteria
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Domain Bacteria- Kingdom Eubacteria

• Unicellular
• Prokaryotic-no nucleus
• Some autotrophs, others heterotrophs
• May be pathogenic (disease-causing)
• Reproduces asexually by binary fission
• Include E.coli, rickettsias, Staphlococcus

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Domain Bacteria-Eubacteria
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Domain Eukarya

• All organisms must have a nucleus

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Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Protista

• Eukaryotic-has a nucleus
• Not an animal, plant, or fungi
• Much variety most diverse of the Kingdoms
• Most single cell but some multi-cellular
• Some autotrophs (w/ chloroplasts), some
  heterotrophs
• Some cell walls with cellulose
• Evolutionary link to all multicellular life
• Mostly aquatic
• Includes algae, paramecium, amoeba, euglena,
  diatoms, stentor

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Domain Eukarya- Kingdom Protista
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Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Fungi

• Eukaryotic-have a nucleus
• Heterotrophs by absorbtion
• Decomposers break down matter
• Some unicellular (yeast) but most are
  multicellular (mushrooms)
• Cell wall with chitin
• No locomotion (non-motile) dont move

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Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Fungi
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Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Plantae

• Eukaryotic-have a nucleus
• Multicellular
• Autotroph-obtain nutrition through photosynthesis
• Has chloroplasts
• Non-mobile-cant move
• Cell wall with cellulose

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Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Plantae
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Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Animalia

• Eukaryotic-has a nucleus
• Heterotrophs
• Multicellular
• No cell wall or chloroplast
• Complex Cells
• Have specialized cells
• Most can move

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Domain Eukarya-Kingdom Animalia