Periodic Trends Notes

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Periodic Trends Notes
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Periodic Trends Notes

• The periodic table organizes all known elements
  according to their number of protons.
• The unique shape of the table reveals the ways in
  which the electrons are organized around the atom
  in energy levels.

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Periodic Trends Notes

• The structure of an element (especially the
  number of protons and the number of electrons)
  will determine the physical and chemical
  properties of the element (how it will appear,
  how it will act, etc.)
• The periodic table can be broken into regions
  where all the elements in a region have very
  similar properties. These regions (and
  sub-regions) are commonly given names.

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Periodic Trends Notes

• The largest region is the Metals. They all have
  certain characteristics in common. They conduct
  heat and electricity very easily, they are
  lustrous (shiny), malleable (can be bent,
  flattened, etc.), and ductile (can be drawn into
  wires).

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Periodic Trends Notes

• The second largest region is the Non-metals. Are
  generally gases amd poor conductors of heat and
  electricity, and when solid are dull and brittle
  (can be broken or shattered).

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Periodic Trends Notes

• Another region is the Metalloids. These elements
  (green on page 178-179) have characteristics of
  metals and non-metals, which vary with the
  element. (Left selenium, Right silicon)

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Periodic Trends Notes

• Noble gases are located on the far right and
  rarely (some never) react with other elements in
  chemical reactions.
• This is because they have enough electrons to
  fill up the p orbital for a total of eight, which
  makes them very stable.
• Table Team Review what Noble gas is represented
  on the right?

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Periodic Trends Notes

• Octet Rule This rule states that atoms will be
  more stable if they have a filled s and p
  orbitals for their outermost electrons (called
  valence electrons). Many elements will either
  lose or gain electrons from other atoms in order
  to achieve this full octet (outermost 8
  electrons).

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Periodic Trends Notes

• Rows on the periodic table (horizontal) are
  called periods. The number of the period will
  correspond with the energy level (n) of the
  outermost electron(s).

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Periodic Trends Notes

• The periodic table can also be broken up into
  sub-regions called groups. Each column (up/down)
  is a group, so the far left column is known as
  group 1, and the far right column (noble gases)
  is called group 18.

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Periodic Trends Notes

• Typically groups that are next to each other will
  have similar chemical properties, and the further
  away two groups are the more different they will
  be.

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Periodic Trends Notes

• Some groups have names Group 1 is called the
  Alkali Metals. They are soft and highly
  reactive. This is because they have a single
  electron in their s orbital, which can be lost
  very easily in chemical reactions, which will
  make them more stable.

Above Cutting Na (Sodium with a pocket knife)
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Periodic Trends Notes

• Group 2 is called the Alkaline-Earth Metals.
  They are less reactive than Alkali Metals because
  they have two electrons in the s orbital, which
  are more difficult to lose in order to become
  more stable. They are also harder and more dense
  (therefore stronger) and Alkali Metals. However,
  they are still very reactive.

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Periodic Trends Notes

• Groups 3-12 are called Transition Metals. They
  widely vary in chemical properties. Among the
  transition metals are the two rows on the very
  bottom (f sub-energy level). The first row is
  called the Lanthanides, and the second row is
  called the Actinides.
• (Right Lanthanum)

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Periodic Trends Notes

• Group 17 is called the Halogens. These are the
  most reactive non-metals, because they need only
  one electron to fill their octet and become more
  stable.

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Periodic Trends Notes

• Hydrogen is the only element that composes its
  own region of the periodic table (Period 1 Group
  1).

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Table Team Review

• What group or region of the Periodic Table are
  the following elements found in?
• Strontium (Sr, 38)
• Tantalum (Ta, 73)
• Curium (Cm, 96)
• Antimony (Sb, 51)
• Sulfur (S, 16)

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Table Team Review

• What group(s) or region of the Periodic Table are
  the following elements found in?
• 1. Alkaline Earth Metal, 2. Transition Metal,
• 3. Actinides (Transition Metal) 4. Metalloid,
• 5. Non-Metal

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Region/Group Review

• What will they do with their electrons in a
  chemical reaction?
• Strontium (Sr, 38)
• Tantalum (Ta, 73)
• Curium (Cm, 96)
• Antimony (Sb, 51)
• Sulfur (S, 16)

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Region/Group Review

• What will they do with their electrons in a
  chemical reaction?
• Strontium (Sr, 38)loses two electrons
• Tantalum (Ta, 73)unpredictable
• Curium (Cm, 96)unpredictable
• Antimony (Sb, 51)gain 3 electrons
• Sulfur (S, 16)gain 2 electrons

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Region/Group Review

• What physical appearance do they have?
• Strontium (Sr, 38)
• Tantalum (Ta, 73)
• Curium (Cm, 96)
• Antimony (Sb, 51)
• Sulfur (S, 16)

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Region/Group Review

• Strontium (Sr, 38)

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Region/Group Review

• Tantalum (Ta, 73)

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Region/Group Review

• Curium (Cm, 96)

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Region/Group Review

• Antimony (Sb, 51)

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Region/Group Review

• Sulfur (S, 16)