Picture: Write a caption describing the possible incidents/situation.

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• Picture Write a caption describing the possible
  incidents/situation.
• Quote what is the quote saying? What is the
  context that surrounds this quote?

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The strugglehas developed into a contest
between the producing classes and the money power
of the countryWorkingmen are entitled to a just
proportion of the proceeds of their
labor-Eugene V. Debs
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My life work has been to try to educate the
worker to a sense of the wrongs he has had to
suffer, and does suffer - and to stir up the
oppressed to a point of getting off their knees
and demanding that which I believe to be
rightfully theirs.
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Based on the following images, what were the
conditions while working in factories?
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Working Conditions

• Wages
• Low wages
• Wage inequality
• Hours
• Long gt12-18 hours
• 6-7 days per week
• Overtime - unpaid

• Conditions
• Lighting
• Dirty/Dusty/Filthy
• Safety
• Crowding
• Temperature
• Equipment
• Inspection?

Sweatshops
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Organized Labor

• Powerlessness among the workers
• Factories no longer run by families
• No friendly discussion
• No bargaining for wages
• Man replaced by machinery
• Focused on output and bottom line

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Resistance begins

• Workers strike back against these outrageous
  working conditions
• Slower pace
• Informal strikes
• Formal methods
• Rise of organized labor unions
• Attempt to have a voice, fight for better
  working conditions
• Methods
• Strikes
• Collective bargaining
• Arbitration

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Resistance Continues

• Labor Unions
• People with similar skill/trade banned together
• Use specific tactics to have their voice heard,
  create changes
• Early victories led to increased membership

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Knights of Labor

• Knights of Labor (1869)
• Skilled labor only
• Terrance Powderly president of union
• Opened the union up to immigrants, African
  Americans, women and unskilled laborers
• Opposed strikes
• Used public meetings to gain support

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American Federation of Labor

• AFL - 1886
• Samuel Gompers founder
• Became one of the most powerful labor unions in
  the nation
• Skilled workers only
• Skilled workers joined a specific trade union
  (blacksmith, carpenter, plumber). The trade
  union itself then joined the AFL (no individual
  members of AFL).
• African Americans, immigrants and unskilled
  workers barred from joining as they were not able
  to join most trade unions (remained
  unrepresented)

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Labor Union Lingo

• Strike
• Stoppage in work
• Risks of a strike
• Loss of job (easily replaced especially
  unskilled labor)
• Black listed
• Yellow-dog contracts
• Violence/riot
• Collective Bargaining
• Right for unions to be able to negotiate with
  management as the workers representatives
• Skilled in negotiation, legality of writing and
  consequences
• Arbitration
• Process that allows a third party to make legally
  binding decisions when two sides are in
  disagreement

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Haymarket Riots

• McCormick Harvest Company Chicago
• Initial strike not endorsed by the K of L
• Strikers and strikebreakers clash outside the
  factory
• Police arrive, shots are fired, four left dead
• Next day more strikers (anarchists) come out to
  protest yesterdays violence
• Anarchists opposed to organized government
• Protesters, strikers, police, strikebreakers
  bomb explodes killing an additional seven people
• Unsuccessful strike
• Membership declines

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Pullman Car Factory Strike

• Pullman cut wages at railroad car factory
• Did not reduce rent/prices in company towns
• Strike ensues
• As sympathies grew throughout the industry other
  railroad workers began to walk off the job
• Effectively shutting down the railroads
• Federal government steps in and forces laborers
  back to work
• Government intervention (first time)
• Illegal to stop the United States mail service

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• A girl and I,were on the eighth floor, and
  when I ran for the elevator shaft my girl friend
  started for the window on the Washington Street
  side. I looked around to call her but she had
  gone.

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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

• March 1911
• New York
• Fire breaks out just before closing time
• Owners kept doors locked to keep laborers at work
• Fire ladders could not reach the top floors
• Laborers climbing over one another and jumping
  out windows

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New Working Class

• Immigrants
• Temporary stay
• African Americans
• North and West not hired in Southern industry
• Women
• Did not want to return to life in the home
• Industrial boom meant an increasing demand for
  labor
• Families needed the money
• Children
• Families needed the money
• Education not compulsory
• Small size/stature (machines)
• Lower wage
• No child labor laws (hours, wage, work week, etc.)

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Who represents the farmers?

• As the country moved from an agricultural icon
  through the industrial revolution people began to
  forget about the farmers
• Unions were limited in their representation
• Discriminatory (race, skill, etc.)
• Farmers demanded representation and a voice too
• Populists (1892) political party that invested
  time into representing the issues of farmers (low
  prices, high costs, failing farms)
• Found a voice in Congress electing 10 members
  over the years
• Never won a Presidential Election (William
  Jennings Bryan closest)
• Grange
• Social organization that expanded into addressing
  economic and political problems facing farmers
• Cooperative
• Farmers pooled their resources (money, machinery,
  tools, transportation costs, etc.) together

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Why did labor unions emerge in the late 1800s?
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What were industrial working conditions like in
the late 19th Century?

• LONG HOURS! - 72 to 84 per week.
• ANY VACATION TIME?
• SICK LEAVE?
• SAFETY NET?
• DANGEROUS WORK CONDITIONS
• 1882 AVERAGE OF 675 LABORERS KILLED EACH WEEK
• CHILD LABOR
• SWEATSHOPS 27 CENTS FOR 14 HR. DAY

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Different Unions Had Different Goals

• National Labor Union (1866) First union to
  organize workers regardless of their race or
  gender or whether they were skilled or unskilled.
• Knights of Labor (1869) preferred arbitration
  to the strike. Claimed 750,000 members by 1886,
  before fading out after a violent labor
  demonstration in Chicago.

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The American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• Led by its president, Samuel Gompers.
• Not very radical.
• Worked for realistic goals.
• Open only to skilled workers.
• 1 million members by 1900.
• More successful than other major unions.

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The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

• AKA the Wobblies.
• Most radical union of the time.
• Working class should control factories and
  businesses.
• Sometimes violent.
• Contained socialists supported overthrowing
  capitalism.

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Eugene V. Debs

• Left home at 14 to work for the railroads.
• Organized the American Railway Union , including
  all workers, skilled and unskilled.
• Became a socialist and ran for President five
  times.
• Won 900,000 votes in 1912.

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Labor Union Goals/hope to accomplish Labor Union Personalities (how did he/she impact the happenings of labor unions?)



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Labor Strike (where, when, industry) Who was involved? Reason? Results?



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• Straining backs, hands and eyes, those working on
  special stitching and fine work might sit close
  to windows in order to have better light while
  the sun shone.  Others were forced to work under
  ineffective gas lights.
• Long workdays at piece rates were often
  insufficient to pay high rents, sustain families
  and save for a better life.  To compound the
  problem, during the slack season work was
  assigned preferentially.  Any public sign of
  discontent guaranteed there would be no money
  coming in throughout that time.
• Dark cramped shops made exhausting work still
  more difficult and dangerous.  Children hired in
  violation of child labor laws were helped to hide
  in large boxes of cloth on the rare occasion when
  inspectors arrived.
• Some unethical subcontractors took advantage of
  newly-arrived immigrants, forcing them to work
  long hours for the right to keep their job. 
  Supervisors docked pay for late arrival, talking,
  missing Sunday shifts, or taking too long in the
  rest room.  On the other hand, a 56-hour week
  might stretch to 70 hours without overtime pay.
• Labor unions, religious communities, political
  groups and social reform organizations assembled
  to mourn those who lost their lives and demand
  real progress in worker protection.  At times the
  difficulties created by their differences in
  methods and priorities threatened to take back
  gains made in public awareness and the commitment
  to act.