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Splash Screen
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Chapter Menu
Introduction Section 1 Earth-Sun
Relationships Section 2Factors Affecting
Climate Section 3World Climate Patterns Summary
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Chapter Intro 1
Geographers study how people, places, and
environments are distributed on Earths surface.
Climate affects where and how people live. An
understanding of Earths climates and the
factors, both physical and human, that influence
them adds to a more complete view of life on
Earth.
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Chapter Intro 2
Section 1 Earth-Sun Relationship
How does Earths position in relationship to the
sun affect life on Earth?
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Section 1-GTR
Earth-Sun Relationships

• weather

• equinox
• solstice
• greenhouse effect
• global warming

• climate
• axis
• temperature
• revolution

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Section 1
Climate and Weather
The relationship between the Earth and the sun
affects climate, which influences life on Earth
in dramatic ways.

• Earths tilt is one reason for variations in
  sunlight.
• The angle of tilt affects the temperature, which
  is measured in Fahrenheit or Celsius.
• Earth rotates on its axis, making one complete
  rotation from west to east every 24 hours.

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Section 1
Climate and Weather (cont.)

• While Earth is rotating on its axis, it is also
  traveling in an orbit around the sunthis
  revolution takes 365 days to complete.

• The Earths revolution and tilt cause changes in
  the angle and amount of sunlight that reach
  different locations on the planet, also known as
  seasons.

Effects of Earths Tilt
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Section 1
Climate and Weather (cont.)

• The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn

• When the suns rays directly strike the Tropic of
  Cancer, this marks the beginning of summer in the
  Northern Hemisphere.
• When the suns rays directly strike the Tropic of
  Capricorn, this marks the beginning of winter in
  the Northern Hemisphere.

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Section 1-GTR
Earth-Sun Relationships
A. Tropic of Cancer
B. Tropic of Capricorn
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Section 1
Climate and Weather (cont.)

• The Poles

• At the North Pole, the sun never sets from about
  March 20 to September 23.
• At the South Pole, the sun never sets from about
  September 23 to March 20.

The Earths Seasons
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Section 1
The imaginary line running from the North Pole to
the South Pole through the planets center is
known as which term? A. Equator B. Solstice C. Axi
s D. Equinox

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
The imaginary line running from the North Pole to
the South Pole through the planets center is
known as which term? A. Equator B. Solstice C. Axi
s D. Equinox

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
The Greenhouse Effect
The natural process of the greenhouse effect has
been influenced by human activity.

• Like the glass in a greenhouse, the atmosphere
  traps some heat and keeps it from escaping back
  into space too quickly so that the Earth is warm
  enough to maintain life.

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Section 1
The Greenhouse Effect (cont.)

• Many scientists claim that in recent decades a
  rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels has
  coincided with a general rise in global
  temperatures, also known as global warming.

The Greenhouse Effect
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Chapter Intro 3
Section 2 Factors Affecting Climate
What factors can affect how climates are
distributed on Earths surface?
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Section 2-GTR
Factors Affecting Climate

• prevailing wind

• El Niño
• windward
• leeward
• rain shadow effect

• Coriolis effect
• doldrums
• current

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Section 2-GTR
Factors Affecting Climate
A. low latitudes
B. high latitudes
C. Arctic Circle
D. Antarctic Circle
E. midlatitudes
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Section 2
Factors Affecting Climate
Think about Question
Where is the most variable weather on Earth is
found in which zone? A. Low latitude
zone B. High latitude zone C. Midlatitude zone

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 2
Latitude, Elevation, and Climate
Latitude and elevation affect the angle of the
suns rays and temperatures on Earth.

• Low latitudes include the Tropic of Capricorn,
  the Equator, and the Tropic of Cancer.
• The Earths polar areas are considered the high
  latitudes.

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Section 2
Latitude, Elevation, and Climate (cont.)

• Midlatitudes

• Between 30 degrees N and 60 degrees N in the
  Northern Hemisphere, and between 30 degrees S and
  60 degrees S in the Southern Hemisphere, are
  considered the midlatitudes.
• The most variable weather is found here.

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Section 2
Latitude, Elevation, and Climate (cont.)

• Elevation

• At all latitudes, elevation influences climate
  because of the relationship between the elevation
  of a place and its temperature.
• As elevation increases, temperature decreases.

The Influence of Elevation on Temperature
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Section 2
Why does thinner air retain less heat?

1. A
2. B

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Section 2
Winds and Ocean Currents
Wind and water combine with the effects of the
sun to influence Earths weather and climate.

• Wind Patterns

• Wind blows because of temperature differences on
  Earths surface, with tropical air moving toward
  the Poles and polar air moving toward the Equator.

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Section 2
Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)

• Global winds blow in fairly constant patterns
  called prevailing winds.

• The Coriolis effect causes prevailing winds to
  blow diagonally rather than along strict
  north-south or east-west directions.

World Zones of Latitude and Wind Patterns
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Section 2
Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)

• The Horse Latitudes

• When sailors became stranded in the doldrums,
  they would lighten the load of the ships,
  including livestock, so that a light breeze could
  move them.
• These areas then became known as the horse
  latitudes.

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Section 2
Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)

• Ocean currents are caused by factors such as

• the Earths rotation
• changes in air pressure
• differences in water temperature

• The Coriolis effect is observed in ocean currents
  as well.
• Ocean currents affect climate
  in the coastal lands
  along which they
  flow.

World Ocean Currents
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Section 2
Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)

• Weather and Water Cycle

• Wind and water work together to affect
  weatherdriven by temperature, condensation
  creates precipitation

• El Niño can influence climates around the world.

The Influence of El Niño
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Section 2
Review Question
A periodic change in the pattern of ocean
currents, water temperatures, and weather in the
mid-Pacific region is known as which
term? A. Doldrums B. Current C. Prevailing
Winds D. El Niño

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2
Landforms and Climate
Landforms and bodies of water influence Earths
climate patterns.

• The climate of places located at the same
  latitude can be very different, depending on the
  presence or absence of certain physical features.
• Coastal areas tend to have less changeable
  weather than do inland areas.
• Mountain ranges have varying weather, depending
  on the area of the mountain.

The Rain Shadow Effect
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Chapter Intro 4
Section 3 World Climate Patterns
How do geographers classify Earths climate and
vegetation?
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Section 3-GTR
World Climate Patterns

• mixed forest
• prairie
• permafrost
• hypothesis
• smog

• natural vegetation

• oasis
• coniferous
• deciduous

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Section 3-GTR
World Climate Patterns
A. Tropics
B. Sahara
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Section 3
World Climate Patterns
Discussion Question
Which climate would you prefer to
live in? A. Tropical climate B. Dry
climate C. Midlatitude climate

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 3
Climate Regions
Geographers divide the Earth into regions that
have similar climates.

• Each of these divisions has its own
  characteristic soils and natural vegetation.

Latitude, Climate, and Vegetation
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Section 3
Climate Regions (cont.)

• Climates are organized into five regions

• Tropical climatesthese are found in or near the
  low latitudesthe Tropics.

• Tropical wet
• Tropical dry

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Section 3
Climate Regions (cont.)

• Dry climatesthere are two types of dry
  climatesthe desert and the steppewhich occur in
  low latitudes or midlatitudes.

• Midlatitude climatesthis climate experiences
  variable weather patterns and season changes that
  give rise to a variety of
  natural vegetation.

World Climate Regions
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Section 3
Climate Regions (cont.)

• There are four temperate climate regions

• Marine west coast climate
• Mediterranean
• Humid subtropical
• Humid continental

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Section 3
Climate Regions (cont.)

• High altitude climatesfreezing temperatures are
  common throughout the year because of the lack of
  direct sunlight.

• Three high altitude climate regions are

• Subarctic
• Tundra
• Ice cap

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Section 3
Climate Regions (cont.)

• Highland climateshigh mountain areas, even along
  the Equator, share some of the same
  characteristics because of the thinning of the
  atmosphere at high altitudes.

World Natural Vegetation Regions
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Section 3
Review Question
Which type of climate is the least arid?
A. Tundra B. Desert C. Rain forest D. Mixed
forest

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3
Climate Changes
Climate changes over time. Although the causes of
change are unclear, evidence suggests that human
activity has influenced some of the changes.

• Burning fossil fuels releases gases that mix with
  water in the air, forming acids that fall in rain
  and snow.
• This act can cause many changes in climate.
• Dams and river diversion can also affect climate.

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VS 1

• Earth-Sun Relationships
• The relationship of the Earth to the sun affects
  climate patterns around the world.
• The Earths tilt and revolution cause the seasons
  by changing the relationship of the Earths
  surface to the sun.
• When the sun is directly over the Tropic of
  Cancer it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere.
  When it is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn,
  it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

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VS 2

• Factors Affecting Climate
• Latitude plays a major role in climate. The
  farther one gets from the Equator, the cooler the
  climate.
• High elevations are generally cooler than the
  surrounding landscape.
• Other factors that help determine climate are
  wind and water currents, recurring phenomena such
  as El Nino, and large landforms.

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VS 3

• World Climate Patterns
• Geographers divide the world into major climate
  regions.
• The major climate regions are tropical, dry,
  midlatitude, high latitude and highland climates.
  Each of these can be broken down into smaller
  categories.
• Each climate region has its own characteristic
  natural vegetation.
• Climate patterns change over time as a result of
  both natural processes and human activity.

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Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Figure 3
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Figure 4
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Figure 5
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Figure 6
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Figure 7
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Figure 8
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Figure 9
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Figure 10
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Figure 11
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DFS Trans 1
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DFS Trans 2
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DFS Trans 3
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Vocab1
weather condition of the atmosphere in one place
during a short period of time
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Vocab2
climate weather patterns typical for an area over
a long period of time
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Vocab3
axis an imaginary line that runs through the
center of the Earth between the North and South
Poles
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Vocab4
temperature degree of hotness or coldness
measured on a set scale, such as Fahrenheit or
Celsius
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Vocab5
revolution in astronomy, the Earths yearly trip
around the sun, taking 365 ¼ days
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Vocab6
equinox one of two days (about March and
September) on which the sun is directly above the
Equator, making day and night equal in length
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Vocab7
solstice one of two days (about June and
December) on which the suns rays strike directly
on the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn,
marking the beginning of summer or winter
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Vocab8
greenhouse effect the capacity of certain gases
in the atmosphere to trap heat, thereby warming
the Earth
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Vocab9
global warming gradual warming of the Earth and
its atmosphere that may be caused in part by
pollution and an increase in the greenhouse
effect
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Vocab10
prevailing wind wind in a region that blows in a
fairly constant directional pattern
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Vocab11
Coriolis effect the resulting diagonal movement,
either north or south, of prevailing winds caused
by the Earths rotation
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Vocab12
doldrums a frequently windless area near the
Equator
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Vocab13
current cold or warm stream of seawater that
flows in the oceans, generally in a circular
pattern
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Vocab14
El Niño a periodic reversal of the pattern of
ocean currents and water
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Vocab15
windward being in or facing the direction from
which the wind is blowing
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Vocab16
leeward being in or facing the direction toward
which the wind is blowing
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Vocab17
rain shadow effect result of a process by which
dry areas develop on the leeward sides of
mountain ranges
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Vocab18
natural vegetation plant life that grows in a
certain area if people have not changed the
natural environment
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Vocab19
oasis small area in a desert where water and
vegetation are found
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Vocab20
coniferous referring to vegetation having cones
and needle-shaped leaves, including many
evergreens, that keep their foliage throughout
the winter
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Vocab21
deciduous falling off or shed seasonally or
periodically trees such as oak and maple which
lose their leaves in autumn
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Vocab22
mixed forest forest with both coniferous and
deciduous trees
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Vocab23
prairie an inland grassland area
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Vocab24
permafrost permanently frozen layer of soil
beneath the surface of the ground
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Vocab25
hypothesis a scientific explanation for an event
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Vocab26
smog haze caused by the interaction of
ultraviolet solar radiation with chemical fumes
from automobile exhausts and other pollution
sources
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